#$+
Table of Contents

·	Notices
·	Introduction
·	Command Reference
·	Internal Parameters
·	Atom Expressions
·	Predefined Sets
·	Colour Schemes
·	File Formats
·	Machine-Specific Support
·	Bibliography

RasMol V2.7.1.1
Molecular Graphics Visualisation Tool
Based on RasMol 2.6 by Roger Sayle
Biomolecular Structures Group, Glaxo Wellcome Research & Development
Stevenage, Hertfordshire, UK
Version 2.6, August 1995, Version 2.6.4, December 1998
Copyright (C) Roger Sayle 1992-1999

and Based on Mods by Arne Mueller
Version 2.6x1, May 1998
Copyright (C) Arne Mueller 1998

Version 2.7.0, 2.7.1, 2.7.1.1 Mods
by Herbert J. Bernstein
Bernstein + Sons, Bellport, NY 11713-2803, USA
yaya@bernstein-plus-sons.com
2.7.0 March 1999, 2.7.1 June 1999, 2.7.1.1 January 2001
Copyright (C) Herbert J. Bernstein 1998-2001

Translations of most of the RasMol messages into Spanish contributed by
Fernando Gabriel Ranea (Laboratorio de Micología Museo de Farmacobotánica,
Facultad de Farmacia y Bioquímica. Universidad de Buenos Aires
<davinci@dinamica.com.ar>).

The original RasMol manual was created by Roger Sayle.  In July 1996, Dr. Margaret Wong of the Chemistry Department, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia, made extensive revisions to the RasMol 2.5 manual to accurately reflect the operation of RasMol 2.6.  Eric Martz of the University of Massachusetts made further revisions.  In May 1997, William McClure of Carnegie Mellon University reorganized the HTML version of the manual into multiple sections which could be downloaded quickly and added use of frames.   Portions of the 2.7.1 version of the RasMol manual were derived with  permission from William McClure's version using Roger Sayle's rasmol.doc for version 2.6.4 as the primary source. 

Documentation Last Updated 21 January 2001
Edited by Herbert J. Bernstein and Frances C. Bernstein

Thanks to the efforts of José Miguel Fernández Fernández (Departamentode Bioquímica y Biología Molecular. Universidad de Granada. España) atranslation of the Manual for Rasmol version 2.7.1 into Spanish isavailable.  La traducción española del manual de la versión de la Dra.Wong revisada por Eric Martz fue realizada por Isabel Serván Martínezy José Miguel Fernández Fernández.  La actual traducción del Manual deRasMol 2.7.1 ha sido realizada usando como base la anterior de RasMol 2.6por  José Miguel Fernández Fernández.

RasMol Copyright (C) Roger Sayle 1992-1999
Version 2.6x1 Mods Copyright (C) Arne Mueller 1998
Version 2.7.0, 2.7.1, 2.7.1.1 Mods
 Copyright (C) Herbert J. Bernstein 1998-2001
rasmol@bernstein-plus-sons.com

All rights reserved. Use of copyright notice does not imply publication or disclosure. The information supplied in this document is believed to be true but no liability is assumed for its use or for the infringements of the rights of the others resulting from its use. Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of the supplier. 

+#$Notices

This software has been created from several sources.  Much of the code is from RasMol 2.6, as created by Roger Sayle. See: 	ftp://ftp.dcs.ed.ac.uk/pub/rasmol

The torsion angle code, new POVRAY3 code and other features are derived from the RasMol2.6x1 revisions by Arne Mueller. 	ftp://nexus.roko.goe.net/pub/rasmol

The Ramachandran printer plot code was derived from fisipl created by Frances C. Bernstein.  See the Protein Data Bank program tape. 

The CIF modifications make use of a library based in part on CBFlib by Paul J. Ellis and Herbert J. Bernstein. See: 	http://www.bernstein-plus-sons.com/software/CBF

Parts of CBFlib is loosely based on the CIFPARSE software package from the NDB at Rutgers university. See: 	http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/NDB/mmcif/software

Please type the RasMol commands 'help copying', 'help general', 'help IUCR', 'help CBFlib',  and 'help CIFPARSE' for applicable notices.  Please type 'help copyright' for copyright notices.  If you use RasMol V2.6 or an earlier version, type the RasMol command 'help oldnotice'. 

+#$KCopying RasMol

This version is based on RasMol version 2.6_CIF.2, RasMol 2.6x1  and RasMol_2.6.4. If you are not going to make changes to RasMol, you are not only permitted to freely make copies and distribute them, you are encouraged to do so, provided you do the following: 

  1.  Either include the complete documentation, especially the file NOTICE, with what you distribute or provide a clear indication where people can get a copy of the documentation; and 

  2.  Please give credit where credit is due citing the version and original authors properly; and 

  3.  Please do not give anyone the impression that the original authors are providing a warranty of any kind. 

If you would like to use major pieces of RasMol in some other program, make modifications to RasMol, or in some other way make what a lawyer would call a "derived work", you are not only permitted to do so, you are encouraged to do so. In addition to the things we discussed above, please do the following: 

  4.  Please explain in your documentation how what you did differs from this version of RasMol; and 

  5.  Please make your modified source code available. 

This version of RasMol is _not_ in the public domain, but it is given freely to the community in the hopes of advancing science.  If you make changes, please make them in a responsible manner, and please offer us the opportunity to include those changes in future versions of RasMol. 

+#$KGeneral Notice

The following notice applies to this work as a whole and to the works included within it: 

* Creative endeavors depend on the lively exchange of ideas. There are laws and customs which establish rights and responsibilities for authors and the users of what authors create. This notice is not intended to prevent you from using the software and documents in this package, but to ensure that there are no misunderstandings about terms and conditions of such use. 

* Please read the following notice carefully. If you do not understand any portion of this notice, please seek appropriate professional legal advice before making use of the software and documents included in this software package. In addition to whatever other steps you may be obliged to take to respect the intellectual property rights of the various parties involved, if you do make use of the software and documents in this package, please give credit where credit is due by citing this package, its authors and the URL or other source from which you obtained it, or equivalent primary references in the literature with the same authors. 

* Some of the software and documents included within this software package are the intellectual property of various parties, and placement in this package does not in any way imply that any such rights have in any way been waived or diminished. 

* With respect to any software or documents for which a copyright exists, ALL RIGHTS ARE RESERVED TO THE OWNERS OF SUCH COPYRIGHT. 

* Even though the authors of the various documents and software found here have made a good faith effort to ensure that the documents are correct and that the software performs according to its documentation, and we would greatly appreciate hearing of any problems you may encounter, the programs and documents and any files created by the programs are provided **AS IS** without any warranty as to correctness, merchantability or fitness for any particular or general use. 

* THE RESPONSIBILITY FOR ANY ADVERSE CONSEQUENCES FROM THE USE OF PROGRAMS OR DOCUMENTS OR ANY FILE OR FILES CREATED BY USE OF THE PROGRAMS OR DOCUMENTS LIES SOLELY WITH THE USERS OF THE PROGRAMS OR DOCUMENTS OR FILE OR FILES AND NOT WITH AUTHORS OF THE PROGRAMS OR DOCUMENTS. 

Subject to your acceptance of the conditions stated above, and your respect for the terms and conditions stated in the notices below, if you are not going to make any modifications or create derived works, you are given permission to freely copy and distribute this package, provided you do the following: 

1.  Either include the complete documentation, especially the file NOTICE, with what you distribute or provide a clear indication where people can get a copy of the documentation; and 

2.  Give credit where credit is due citing the version and original authors properly; and 

3.  Do not give anyone the impression that the original authors are providing a warranty of any kind. 

In addition, you may also modify this package and create derived works provided you do the following: 

4.  Explain in your documentation how what you did differs from this version of RasMol; and 

5.  Make your modified source code available. 

+#$KRasMol V2.6 Notice

The following notice applies to RasMol V 2.6 and older RasMol versions. 

Information in this document is subject to change without notice and does not represent a commitment on the part of the supplier. This package is sold/distributed subject to the condition that it shall not, by way of trade or otherwise, be lent, re-sold, hired out or otherwise circulated without the supplier's prior consent, in any form of packaging or cover other than that in which it was produced. No part of this manual or accompanying software may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system on optical or magnetic disk, tape or any other medium, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise for any purpose other than the purchaser's personal use. 

This product is not to be used in the planning, construction, maintenance, operation or use of any nuclear facility nor the flight, navigation or communication of aircraft or ground support equipment. The author shall not be liable, in whole or in part, for any claims or damages arising from such use, including death, bankruptcy or outbreak of war. 

+#$KIUCR Policy

The IUCr Policy for the Protection and the Promotion of the STAR File and CIF Standards for Exchanging and Archiving Electronic Data 

Overview 

The Crystallographic Information File (CIF)[1] is a standard for information interchange promulgated by the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr). CIF (Hall, Allen & Brown, 1991) is the recommended method for submitting publications to Acta Crystallographica Section C and reports of crystal structure determinations to other sections of Acta Crystallographica and many other journals. The syntax of a CIF is a subset of the more general STAR File[2] format. The CIF and STAR File approaches are used increasingly in the structural sciences for data exchange and archiving, and are having a significant influence on these activities in other fields. 

Statement of intent 

The IUCr's interest in the STAR File is as a general data interchange standard for science, and its interest in the CIF, a conformant derivative of the STAR File, is as a concise data exchange and archival standard for crystallography and structural science. 

Protection of the standards 

To protect the STAR File and the CIF as standards for interchanging and archiving electronic data, the IUCr, on behalf of the scientific community, 

   * holds the copyrights on the standards themselves, 

   * owns the associated trademarks and service marks, and 

   * holds a patent on the STAR File. 

These intellectual property rights relate solely to the interchange formats, not to the data contained therein, nor to the software used in the generation, access or manipulation of the data. 

Promotion of the standards 

The sole requirement that the IUCr, in its protective role, imposes on software purporting to process STAR File or CIF data is that the following conditions be met prior to sale or distribution. 

   * Software claiming to read files written to either the STAR File or the CIF standard must be able to extract the pertinent data from a file conformant to the STAR File syntax, or the CIF syntax, respectively. 

   * Software claiming to write files in either the STAR File, or the CIF, standard must produce files that are conformant to the STAR File syntax, or the CIF syntax, respectively. 

   * Software claiming to read definitions from a specific data dictionary approved by the IUCr must be able to extract any pertinent definition which is conformant to the dictionary definition language (DDL)[3] associated with that dictionary. 

The IUCr, through its Committee on CIF Standards, will assist any developer to verify that software meets these conformance conditions. 

Glossary of terms 

[1] CIF: is a data file conformant to the file syntax defined at http://www.iucr.org/iucr-top/cif/spec/index.html 

[2] STAR File: is a data file conformant to the file syntax defined at http://www.iucr.org/iucr-top/cif/spec/star/index.html 

[3] DDL: is a language used in a data dictionary to define data items in terms of "attributes". Dictionaries currently approved by the IUCr, and the DDL versions used to construct these dictionaries, are listed at http://www.iucr.org/iucr-top/cif/spec/ddl/index.html 

Last modified: 30 September 2000 

IUCR Policy Copyright (C) 2000 International Union of Crystallography 

+#$KCBFLIB

The following Disclaimer Notice applies to CBFlib V0.1, from which this code in part is derived. 

* The items furnished herewith were developed under the sponsorship of the U.S. Government. Neither the U.S., nor the U.S. D.O.E., nor the Leland Stanford Junior University, nor their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any liability or responsibility for accuracy, completeness or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product or process disclosed, or represents that its use will not infringe privately-owned rights. Mention of any product, its manufacturer, or suppliers shall not, nor is it intended to, imply approval, disapproval, or fitness for any particular use. The U.S. and the University at all times retain the right to use and disseminate the furnished items for any purpose whatsoever. 

Notice 91 02 01 

+#$KCIFPARSE

Portions of this software are loosely based on the CIFPARSE software package from the NDB at Rutgers University.  See 

   http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/NDB/mmcif/software 

CIFPARSE is part of the NDBQUERY application, a program component of the Nucleic Acid Database Project [ H. M. Berman, W. K. Olson, D. L. Beveridge, J. K. Westbrook, A. Gelbin, T. Demeny, S. H. Shieh, A. R. Srinivasan, and B. Schneider. (1992). The Nucleic Acid Database: A Comprehensive Relational Database of Three-Dimensional Structures of Nucleic Acids. Biophys J., 63, 751-759.], whose cooperation is gratefully acknowledged, especially in the form of design concepts created by J. Westbrook. 

Please be aware of the following notice in the CIFPARSE API: 

This software is provided WITHOUT WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE OR ANY OTHER WARRANTY, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED. RUTGERS MAKE NO REPRESENTATION OR WARRANTY THAT THE SOFTWARE WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY PATENT, COPYRIGHT OR OTHER PROPRIETARY RIGHT. 

+#$Introduction

RasMol is a molecular graphics program intended for the visualisation of proteins, nucleic acids and small molecules. The program is aimed at display, teaching and generation of publication quality images.   RasMol runs on wide range of architectures and operating systems including Microsoft Windows, Apple Macintosh, UNIX and VMS systems. UNIX and VMS versions require an 8, 24 or 32 bit colour X Windows display (X11R4 or later).  The X Windows version of RasMol provides optional support for a hardware dials box and accelerated shared memory communication (via the XInput and MIT-SHM extensions) if available on the current X Server. 

The program reads in a molecule coordinate file and interactively displays the molecule on the screen in a variety of colour schemes and molecule representations. Currently available representations include depth-cued wireframes, 'Dreiding' sticks, spacefilling (CPK) spheres, ball and stick, solid and strand biomolecular ribbons, atom labels and dot surfaces. 

The RasMol help facility can be accessed by typing "help <topic>" or "help <topic> <subtopic>" from the command line. A complete list of RasMol commands may be displayed by typing "help commands". A single question mark may also be used to abbreviate the keyword "help".  Please type "help notices" for important notices. 

+#$Command Reference

RasMol allows the execution of interactive commands typed at the 'RasMol>' prompt in the terminal window. Each command must be given on a separate line. Keywords are case insensitive and may be entered in either upper or lower case letters. All whitespace characters are ignored except to separate keywords and their arguments. 

The commands/keywords currently recognised by RasMol are given below. 

backbone	background	cartoon	centre	
clipboard	colour	connect	cpk	
define	dots	echo	english	
exit	hbonds	help	label	
load	monitor	pause	print	
quit	refresh	renumber	reset	
restrict	ribbons	rotate	save	
script	select	set	show	
slab	source	spacefill	spanish	
ssbonds	star	stereo	strands	
structure	trace	translate	wireframe	
write	zap	zoom		

+#$KBackbone

Syntax:	backbone {<boolean>}
	backbone <value>

The RasMol 'backbone' command permits the representation of a polypeptide backbone as a series of bonds connecting the adjacent alpha carbons of each amino acid in a chain. The display of these backbone 'bonds' is turned on and off by the command parameter in the same way as with the 'wireframe' command. The command 'backbone off' turns off the selected 'bonds', and 'backbone on' or with a number turns them on. The number can be used to specify the cylinder radius of the representation in either Angstrom or RasMol units. A parameter value of 500 (2.0 Angstroms) or above results in a "Parameter value too large" error. Backbone objects may be coloured using the RasMol 'colour backbone' command. 

The reserved word backbone is also used as a predefined set ("help sets") and as a parameter to the 'set hbond' and 'set ssbond' commands. The RasMol command 'trace' renders a smoothed backbone, in contrast to 'backbone' which connects alpha carbons with straight lines. 

The backbone may be displayed with dashed lines by use of the 'backbone dash' command. 

+#$KBackground

Syntax:	background <colour>

The RasMol 'background' command is used to set the colour of the "canvas" background. The colour may be given as either a colour name or a comma separated triple of Red, Green and Blue (RGB) components enclosed in square brackets. Typing the command 'help colours' will give a list of the predefined colour names recognised by RasMol. When running under X Windows, RasMol also recognises colours in the X server's colour name database. 

The 'background' command is synonymous with the RasMol 'set background' command. 

+#$KCartoon

Syntax:	cartoon {<number>}

The RasMol 'cartoon' command does a display of a molecule 'ribbons' as Richardson (MolScript) style protein 'cartoons', implemented as thick (deep) ribbons. The easiest way to obtain a cartoon representation of a protein is to use the 'Cartoons' option on the 'Display' menu. The 'cartoon' command represents the currently selected residues as a deep ribbon with width specified by the command's argument. Using the command without a parameter results in the ribbon's width being taken from the protein's secondary structure, as described in the 'ribbons' command. By default, the C-termini of beta-sheets are displayed as arrow heads. This may be enabled and disabled using the 'set cartoons' command. The depth of the cartoon may be adjusted using the 'set cartoons <number>' command. The 'set cartoons' command without any parameters returns these two options to their default values. 

+##$KCentre

Syntax:	centre {<expression>}
	center {<expression>}

The RasMol 'centre' command defines the point about which the 'rotate' command and the scroll bars rotate the current molecule. Without a parameter the centre command resets the centre of rotation to be the centre of gravity of the molecule. If an atom expression is specified, RasMol rotates the molecule about the centre of gravity of the set of atoms specified by the expression. Hence, if a single atom is specified by the expression, that atom will remain 'stationary' during rotations. 

Type 'help expression' for more information on RasMol atom expressions. 

Alternatively the centring may be given as a comma separated triple of [CenX, CenY, CenZ] offsets in RasMol units (1/250 of an Angstrom) from the centre of gravity.  The triple must be enclosed in square brackets. 

+#$KClipboard

Syntax:	clipboard

The RasMol 'clipboard' command places a copy of the currently displayed image on the local graphics 'clipboard'. Note: this command is not yet supported on UNIX or VMS machines. It is intended to make transfering images between applications easier under Microsoft Windows or on an Apple Macintosh. 

When using RasMol on a UNIX or VMS system this functionality may be achieved by generating a raster image in a format that can be read by the receiving program using the RasMol 'write' command. 

+##$KColour

Syntax:	colour {<object>} <colour>
	color {<object>} <colour>

Colour the atoms (or other objects) of the selected region. The colour may be given as either a colour name or a comma separated triple of Red, Green and Blue (RGB) components enclosed in square brackets. Typing the command 'help colours' will give a list of all the predefined colour names recognised by RasMol. 

Allowed objects are 'atoms', 'bonds', 'backbone', 'ribbons', 'labels', 'dots', 'hbonds' and 'ssbonds'. If no object is specified, the default keyword 'atom' is assumed. Some colour schemes are defined for certain object types. The colour scheme 'none' can be applied to all objects except atoms and dots, stating that the selected objects have no colour of their own, but use the colour of their associated atoms (i.e. the atoms they connect). 'Atom' objects can also be coloured by 'alt', 'amino', 'chain', 'charge', 'cpk', 'group', 'model', 'shapely', 'structure', 'temperature' or 'user'. Hydrogen bonds can also be coloured by 'type' and dot surfaces can also be coloured by 'electrostatic potential'. For more information type 'help colour <colour>'. 

+#$KConnect

Syntax:	connect {<boolean>}

The RasMol 'connect' command is used to force RasMol to (re)calculate the connectivity of the current molecule. If the original input file contained connectivity information, this is discarded. The command 'connect false' uses a fast heuristic algorithm that is suitable for determining bonding in large bio-molecules such as proteins and nucleic acids. The command 'connect true' uses a slower more accurate algorithm based upon covalent radii that is more suitable to small molecules containing inorganic elements or strained rings. If no parameters are given, RasMol determines which algorithm to use based on the number of atoms in the input file. Greater than 255 atoms causes RasMol to use the faster implementation. This is the method used to determine bonding, if necessary, when a molecule is first read in using the 'load' command. 

+#$KDefine

Syntax:	define <identifier> <expression>

The RasMol 'define' command allows the user to associate an arbitrary set of atoms with a unique identifier. This allows the definition of user-defined sets. These sets are declared statically, i.e. once defined the contents of the set do not change, even if the expression defining them depends on the current transformation and representation of the molecule. 

+#$KDots

Syntax:	dots {<boolean>}
	dots {<value>}

The RasMol 'dots' command is used to generate a van der Waals' dot surface around the currently selected atoms. Dot surfaces display regularly spaced points on a sphere of van der Waals' radius about each selected atom. Dots that would are 'buried' within the van der Waals' radius of any other atom (selected or not) are not displayed. The command 'dots on' deletes any existing dot surface and generates a dots surface around the currently selected atom set with a default dot density of 100. The command 'dots off' deletes any existing dot surface. The dot density may be specified by providing a numeric parameter between 1 and 1000. This value approximately corresponds to the number of dots on the surface of a medium sized atom. 

By default, the colour of each point on a dot surface is the colour of its closest atom at the time the surface is generated. The colour of the whole dot surface may be changed using the 'colour dots' command. 

+#$KEcho

Syntax:	echo {<string>}

The RasMol 'echo' command is used to display a message in the RasMol command/terminal window. The string parameter may optionally be delimited in double quote characters. If no parameter is specified, the 'echo' command displays a blank line. This command is particularly useful for displaying text from within a RasMol 'script' file. 

+#$KEnglish

Syntax:	English 

The RasMol 'English' command sets the menus and messages to the English versions. The command 'Spanish' may be used to select Spanish menus and messages. 

+##$KHBonds

Syntax:	hbonds {<boolean>}
	hbonds <value>

The RasMol 'hbond' command is used to represent the hydrogen bonding of the protein molecule's backbone. This information is useful in assessing the protein's secondary structure. Hydrogen bonds are represented as either dotted lines or cylinders between the donor and acceptor residues. The first time the 'hbond' command is used, the program searches the structure of the molecule to find hydrogen bonded residues and reports the number of bonds to the user. The command 'hbonds on' displays the selected 'bonds' as dotted lines, and the 'hbonds off' turns off their display. The colour of hbond objects may be changed by the 'colour hbond' command. Initially, each hydrogen bond has the colours of its connected atoms. 

By default the dotted lines are drawn between the accepting oxygen and the donating nitrogen. By using the 'set hbonds' command the alpha carbon positions of the appropriate residues may be used instead. This is especially useful when examining proteins in backbone representation. 

+#$KHelp

Syntax:	help {<topic> {<subtopic>}}
	? {<topic> {<subtopic>}}

The RasMol 'help' command provides on-line help on the given topic. 

+##$KLabel

Syntax:	label {<string>}
	label <boolean>

The RasMol 'label' command allows an arbitrary formatted text string to be associated with each currently selected atom.  This string may contain embedded 'expansion specifiers' which display properties of the atom being labelled. An expansion specifier consists of a '%' character followed by a single alphabetic character specifying the property to be displayed (similar to C's printf syntax). An actual '%' character may be displayed by using the expansion specifier '%%'. 

Atom labelling for the currently selected atoms may be turned off with the command 'label off'. By default, if no string is given as a parameter, RasMol uses labels appropriate for the current molecule. RasMol uses the label '%n%r:%c.%a' if the molecule contains more than one chain, '%e%i' if the molecule has only a single residue (a small molecule) and '%n%r.%a' otherwise. 

The colour of each label may be changed using the 'colour label' command. By default, each label is drawn in the same colour as the atom to which it is attached. The size and spacing of the displayed text may be changed using the 'set fontsize' command.  The width of the strokes in the displayed text may be changed  using the 'set fontstroke'  command. 

The following table lists the current expansion specifiers: 

%a	  	Atom Name	
%b	%t	B-factor/Temperature	
%c	%s	Chain Identifier	
%e	  	Element Atomic Symbol	
%i	  	Atom Serial Number	
%n	  	Residue Name	
%r	  	Residue Number	
%M	  	NMR Model Number (with leading "/")	
%A	  	Alternate Conformation Identifier (with leading ";")	

+#$KLoad

Syntax:	load {<format>} <filename>
	
Load a molecule coordinate file into RasMol. Valid molecule file formats are 'pdb' (Protein Data Bank format), 'mdl' (Molecular Design Limited's MOL file format), 'alchemy' (Tripos' Alchemy file format), 'mol2' (Tripos' Sybyl Mol2 file format), 'charmm' (CHARMm file format), 'xyz' (MSC's XMol XYZ file format), 'mopac' (J. P. Stewart's MOPAC file format) or 'cif' (IUCr CIF or mmCIF file format). If no file format is specified, 'PDB', 'CIF', or 'mmCIF' is assumed by default. Only a single molecule may be loaded at a time. To delete a molecule prior to loading another use the RasMol 'zap' command. 

The 'load' command selects all the atoms in the molecule, centres it on the screen and renders it as a CPK coloured wireframe model. If the molecule contains no bonds (i.e. contains only alpha carbons), it is drawn as an alpha carbon backbone. If the file specifies fewer bonds than atoms, RasMol determines connectivity using the 'connect' command. 

The 'load inline' command also allows the storing of atom coordinates in scripts to allow better integration with WWW browsers. A load command executed inside a script file may specify the keyword 'inline' instead of a conventional filename. This option specifies that the coordinates of the molecule to load are stored in the same file as the currently executing commands. 

+#$KMonitor

Syntax:	monitor <number> <number>
	monitor {<boolean>}

The RasMol 'monitor' command allows the display of distance monitors. A distance monitor is a dashed (dotted) line between an arbitrary pair of atoms, optionally labelled by the distance between them. The RasMol command 'monitor <number> <number>' adds such a distance monitor between the two atoms specified by the atom serial numbers given as parameters 

Distance monitors are turned off with the command 'monitors off'. By default, monitors display the distance between its two end points as a label at the centre of the monitor. These distance labels may be turned off with the command 'set monitors off', and re-enabled with the command 'set monitors on'. Like most other representations, the colour of a monitor is taken from the colour of its end points unless specified by the 'colour monitors' command. 

Distance monitors may also be added to a molecule interactively with the mouse, using the 'set picking monitor' command. Clicking on an atom results in its being identified on the rasmol command line. In addition every atom picked increments a modulo counter such that, in monitor mode, every second atom displays the distance between this atom and the previous one. The shift key may be used to form distance monitors between a fixed atom and several consecutive positions. A distance monitor may also be removed (toggled) by selecting the appropriate pair of atom end points a second time. 

+#$KPause

Syntax:	pause
	wait

The RasMol 'pause' command is used in script files to stop the script file for local manipulation by a mouse, until any key is pushed to restart the script file. 'Wait' is synonymous with 'pause'. This command may be executed in RasMol script files to suspend the sequential execution of commands and allow the user to examine the current image.   When RasMol executes a 'pause' command in a script file, it suspends  execution of the rest of the file, refreshes the image on the screen and allows the manipulation of the image using the mouse and scroll  bars, or resizing of the graphics window.  Once a key is pressed, control returns to the script file at the line following the 'pause' command.  While a script is suspended the molecule may be rotated, translated, scaled, slabbed and picked as usual, but all menu commands are disabled. 

+#$KPrint

Syntax:	print

The RasMol 'print' command sends the currently displayed image to the local default printer using the operating system's native printer driver. Note: this command is not yet supported under UNIX or VMS. It is intended to take advantage of Microsoft Windows and Apple Macintosh printer drivers. For example, this allows images to be printed directly on a dot matrix printer. 

When using RasMol on a UNIX or VMS system this functionality may be achieved by either generating a PostScript file using the RasMol 'write ps' or 'write vectps' commands and printing that or generating a raster image file and using a utility to dump that to the local printer. 

+##$KQuit

Syntax:	quit
	exit

Exit from the RasMol program. The RasMol commands 'exit' and 'quit' are synonymous, except within nested scripts.  In that case, 'exit' terminates only the current level, while 'quit' terminates all nested levels of scripts. 

+#$KRefresh

Syntax:	refresh
The RasMol 'refresh' command redraws the current image.  This is useful in scripts to ensure application of a complex list of parameter changes. 

+##$KRenumber

Syntax:	renumber {{-} <value>}

The RasMol 'renumber' command sequentially numbers the residues in a macromolecular chain. The optional parameter specifies the value of the first residue in the sequence. By default, this value is one. For proteins, each amino acid is numbered consecutively from the N terminus to the C terminus. For nucleic acids, each base is numbered from the 5' terminus to the 3' terminus. All chains in the current database are renumbered and gaps in the original sequence are ignored. The starting value for numbering may be negative. 

+#$KReset

Syntax:	reset

The RasMol 'reset' command restores the original viewing transformation and centre of rotation. The scale is set to its default value, 'zoom 100', the centre of rotation is set to the geometric centre of the currently loaded molecule, 'centre all', this centre is translated to the middle of the screen and the viewpoint set to the default orientation. 

This command should not be mistaken for the RasMol 'zap' command which deletes the currently stored molecule, returning the program to its initial state. 

+#$KRestrict

Syntax:	restrict {<expression>}

The RasMol 'restrict' command both defines the currently selected region of the molecule and disables the representation of (most of) those parts of the molecule no longer selected.  All subsequent RasMol commands that modify a molecule's colour or representation affect only the currently selected region. The parameter of a 'restrict' command is a RasMol atom expression that is evaluated for every atom of the current molecule. This command is very similar to the RasMol 'select' command, except 'restrict' disables the 'wireframe', 'spacefill' and 'backbone' representations in the non-selected region. 

Type "help expression" for more information on RasMol atom expressions. 

+##$KRibbons

Syntax:	ribbons {<boolean>}
	ribbons <value>

The RasMol 'ribbons' command displays the currently loaded protein or nucleic acid as a smooth solid "ribbon" surface passing along the backbone of the protein. The ribbon is drawn between each amino acid whose alpha carbon is currently selected. The colour of the ribbon is changed by the RasMol 'colour ribbon' command. If the current ribbon colour is 'none' (the default), the colour is taken from the alpha carbon at each position along its length. 

The width of the ribbon at each position is determined by the optional parameter in the usual RasMol units. By default the width of the ribbon is taken from the secondary structure of the protein or a constant value of 720 (2.88 Angstroms) for nucleic acids. The default width of protein alpha helices and beta sheets is 380 (1.52 Angstroms) and 100 (0.4 Angstroms) for turns and random coil. The secondary structure assignment is either from the PDB file or calculated using the DSSP algorithm as used by the 'structure' command. This command is similar to the RasMol command 'strands' which renders the biomolecular ribbon as parallel depth-cued curves. 

+#$KRotate

Syntax:	rotate <axis> {-} <value>

Rotate the molecule about the specified axis. Permitted values for the axis parameter are "x", "y" and "z". The integer parameter states the angle in degrees for the structure to be rotated. For the X and Y axes, positive values move the closest point up and right, and negative values move it down and left, respectively. For the Z axis, a positive rotation acts clockwise and a negative angle anti-clockwise. 

+#$KSave

Syntax:	save {pdb} <filename>
	save mdl <filename>
	save alchemy <filename>
	save xyz <filename>

Save the currently selected set of atoms in a Protein Data Bank (PDB), MDL, Alchemy(tm) or XYZ format file. The distinction between this command and the RasMol 'write' command has been dropped. The only difference is that without a format specifier the 'save' command generates a 'PDB' file and the 'write' command generates a 'GIF' image. 

+#$KScript

#Syntax:	script <filename>

The RasMol 'script' command reads a set of RasMol commands sequentially from a text file and executes them. This allows sequences of commonly used commands to be stored and performed by single command. A RasMol script file may contain a further script command up to a maximum "depth" of 10, allowing complicated sequences of actions to be executed. RasMol ignores all characters after the first '#' character on each line allowing the scripts to be annotated. Script files are often also annotated using the RasMol 'echo' command. 

The most common way to generate a RasMol script file is to use the 'write script' or 'write rasmol' commands to output the sequence of commands that are needed to regenerate the current view, representation and colouring of the currently displayed molecule. 

The RasMol command 'source' is synonymous with the 'script' command. 

+#$KSelect

Syntax:	select {<expression>}

Define the currently selected region of the molecule. All subsequent RasMol commands that manipulate a molecule or modify its colour or representation only affect the currently selected region. The parameter of a 'select' command is a RasMol expression that is evaluated for every atom of the current molecule. The currently selected (active) region of the molecule are those atoms that cause the expression to evaluate true. To select the whole molecule use the RasMol command 'select all'. The behaviour of the 'select' command without any parameters is determined by the RasMol 'hetero' and 'hydrogen' parameters. 

Type "help expression" for more information on RasMol atom expressions. 

+#$KSet

Syntax:	set <parameter> {<option>}

The RasMol 'set' command allows the user to alter various internal program parameters such as those controlling rendering options. Each parameter has its own set or permissible parameter options. Typically, omitting the paramter option resets that parameter to its default value. A list of valid parameter names is given below. 

ambient	axes	background	backfade	
bondmode	bonds	booundbox	cartoons	
cisangle	display	fontsize	fontstroke	
hbonds	hetero	hourglass	hydrogen	
kinemage	menus	monitor	mouse	
picking	radius	shadow	slabmode	
solvent	specular	specpower	ssbonds	
stereo	strands	transparent	unitcell	
vectps	write			

+#$KShow

Syntax:	show information
	show phipsi
	show RamPrint
	show selected { group | chain | atom }
	show sequence
	show symmetry

The RasMol 'show' command display details of the status of the currently loaded molecule. The command 'show information' lists the molecule's name, classification, PDB code and the number of atoms, chains, groups it contains. If hydrogen bonding, disulphide bridges or secondary structure have been determined, the number of hbonds, ssbonds, helices, ladders and turns are also displayed, respectively. The command 'show phipsi' shows the phi and psi angles of the currently selected residues and the omega angles of cis peptide bonds. The command 'show RamPrint' (or 'show RPP' or 'show RamachandranPrinterPlot') shows a simple Ramachandran printer plot in the style of Frances Bernstein's fisipl program.  The command 'show selected' (or 'show selected group' or 'show selected chain' or  'show selected atom' ) shows the groups (default), chains or atoms of the current selection. The command 'show sequence' lists the residues that comprise each chain of the molecule.  The command 'show symmetry' shows the space group and unit cell of the molecule. 

+#$KSlab

Syntax:	slab {<boolean>}
	slab <value>

The RasMol 'slab' command enables, disables or positions the z-clipping plane of the molecule. The program only draws those portions of the molecule that are further from the viewer than the slabbing plane. Integer values range  from zero at the very back of the molecule to 100 which is completely in front of the molecule. Intermediate values determine the percentage of the molecule to be drawn. 

+##$KSpacefill

Syntax:	spacefill {<boolean>}
	spacefill temperature
	spacefill user
	spacefill <value>

The RasMol 'spacefill' command is used to represent all of the currently selected atoms as solid spheres. This command is used to produce both union-of-spheres and ball-and-stick models of a molecule. The command, 'spacefill true', the default, represents each atom as a sphere of van der Waals radius. The command 'spacefill off' turns off the representation of the selected atom as spheres. A sphere radius may be specified as an integer in RasMol units (1/250th Angstrom) or a value containing a decimal point. A value of 500 (2.0 Angstroms) or greater results in a "Parameter value too large" error. 

The 'temperature' option sets the radius of each sphere to the value stored in its temperature field. Zero or negative values have no effect and values greater than 2.0 are truncated to 2.0.  The 'user' option allows the radius of each sphere to be specified by additional lines in the molecule's PDB file using Raster 3D's COLOUR record extension. 

The RasMol command 'cpk' is synonymous with the 'spacefill' command. 

+#$KSpanish

Syntax:	Spanish 

The RasMol 'Spanish' command sets the menus and messages to the Spanish versions. The command 'English' may be used to select English menus and messages. 

+##$KSSBonds

Syntax:	ssbonds {<boolean>}
	ssbonds <value>

The RasMol 'ssbonds' command is used to represent the disulphide bridges of the protein molecule as either dotted lines or cylinders between the connected cysteines. The first time that the 'ssbonds' command is used, the program searches the structure of the protein to find half-cysteine pairs (cysteines whose sulphurs are within 3 Angstroms of each other) and reports the number of bridges to the user. The command 'ssbonds on' displays the selected "bonds" as dotted lines, and the command 'ssbonds off' disables the display of ssbonds in the currently selected area. Selection of disulphide bridges is identical to normal bonds, and may be adjusted using the RasMol 'set bondmode' command. The colour of disulphide bonds may be changed using the 'colour ssbonds' command. By default, each disulphide bond has the colours of its connected atoms. 

By default disulphide bonds are drawn between the sulphur atoms within the cysteine groups. By using the 'set ssbonds' command the position of the cysteine's alpha carbons may be used instead. 

+#$KStar

Syntax:	star {<boolean>}
	star temperature
	star user
	star <value>

The RasMol 'star' command is used to represent all of the currently selected atoms as stars (six strokes, one each in the x, -x, y, -y, z and -z directions). The commands 'select not bonded' followed by 'star 75' are useful to mark unbonded atoms in a 'wireframe' display with less overhead than provided by 'spacefill 75'. This can be done automatically for all subsequent wireframe displays with the command 'set bondmode not bonded'. 

The command 'star true', the default, represents each atom as a star with strokes length equal to van der Waals radius. The command 'star off' turns off the representation of the selected atom as stars. A star stroke length may be specified as an integer in RasMol units (1/250th Angstrom) or a value containing a decimal point. A value of 500 (2.0 Angstroms) or greater results in a "Parameter value too large" error. 

The 'temperature' option sets the stroke length of each star to the value stored in its temperature field. Zero or negative values have no effect and values greater than 2.0 are truncated to 2.0.  The 'user' option allows the stroke length of each star to be specified by additional lines in the molecule's PDB file using Raster 3D's COLOUR record extension. 

The RasMol 'spacefill' command can be used for more artistic rendering of atoms as spheres. 

+#$KStereo

Syntax:	stereo on
	stereo [-] <number>
	stereo off

The RasMol 'stereo' command provides side-by-side stereo display of images. Stereo viewing of a molecule may be turned on (and off) either by selecting 'Stereo' from the 'Options' menu, or by typing the commands 'stereo on' or 'stereo off'. The separation angle between the two views may be adjusted with the 'set stereo [-] <number>' command, where positive values result in crossed eye viewing and negative values in relaxed (wall-eyed) viewing. The inclusion of '[-] <number>' in the 'stereo' command, as for example in 'stereo 3' or 'stereo -5', also controls angle and direction. 

The stereo command is only partially implemented. When stereo is turned on, the image is not properly recentred. (This can be done with a 'translate x -<number>'  command.) It is not supported in vector PostScript output files, is not saved by the 'write script' command, and in general is not yet properly interfaced with several other features of the program. 

+#$KStrands

Syntax:	strands {<boolean>}
	strands <value>

The RasMol 'strands' command displays the currently loaded protein or nucleic acid as a smooth "ribbon" of depth-cued curves passing along the backbone of the protein. The ribbon is composed of a number of strands that run parallel to one another along the peptide plane of each residue. The ribbon is drawn between each amino acid whose alpha carbon is currently selected. The colour of the ribbon is changed by the RasMol 'colour ribbon' command. If the current ribbon colour is 'none' (the default), the colour is taken from the alpha carbon at each position along its length. The central and outermost strands may be coloured independently using the 'colour ribbon1' and 'colour ribbon2' commands, respectively. The number of strands in the ribbon may be altered using the RasMol 'set strands' command. 

The width of the ribbon at each position is determined by the optional parameter in the usual RasMol units. By default the width of the ribbon is taken from the secondary structure of the protein or a constant value of 720 for nucleic acids (which produces a ribbon 2.88 Angstroms wide). The default width of protein alpha helices and beta sheets is 380 (1.52 Angstroms) and 100 (0.4 Angstroms) for turns and random coil. The secondary structure assignment is either from the PDB file or calculated using the DSSP algorithm as used by the 'structure' command. This command is similar to the RasMol command 'ribbons' which renders the biomolecular ribbon as a smooth shaded surface. 

+#$KStructure

Syntax:	structure

The RasMol 'structure' command calculates secondary structure assignments for the currently loaded protein. If the original PDB file contained structural assignment records (HELIX, SHEET and TURN) these are discarded. Initially, the hydrogen bonds of the current molecule are found, if this hasn't been done already. The secondary structure is then determined using Kabsch and Sander's DSSP algorithm. Once finished the program reports the number of helices, strands and turns found. 

+#$KTrace

Syntax:	trace {<boolean>}
	trace <value>
	trace temperature

The RasMol 'trace' command displays a smooth spline between  consecutive alpha carbon positions.  This spline does not pass exactly through the alpha carbon position of each residue, but  follows the same path as 'ribbons', 'strands' and 'cartoons'. Note that residues may be displayed as 'ribbons', 'strands', 'cartoons' or as a 'trace'. Enabling one of these representations disables the others. However, a residue may be displayed simultaneously as backbone and as one of the above representations.  This may change in future versions of RasMol.  Prior to version 2.6, 'trace' was synonymous with 'backbone'. 

'Trace temperature' displays the backbone as a wider cylinder at high temperature factors and thinner at lower.  This representation is useful to X-ray crystallographers and NMR spectroscopists. 

+#$KTranslate

Syntax:	translate <axis> {-} <value>

The RasMol 'translate' command moves the position of the centre of the molecule on the screen. The axis parameter specifies along which axis the molecule is to be moved and the integer parameter specifies the absolute position of the molecule centre from the middle of the screen. Permitted values for the axis parameter are "x", "y" and "z". Displacement values must be between -100 and 100 which correspond to moving the current molecule just off the screen. A positive "x" displacement moves the molecule to the right, and a positive "y" displacement moves the molecule down the screen. The pair of commands 'translate x 0' and 'translate y 0' centres the molecule on the screen. 

+#$KWireframe

Syntax:	wireframe {<boolean>}
	wireframe <value>

The RasMol 'wireframe' command represents each bond within the selected region of the molecule as a cylinder, a line or a depth-cued vector. The display of bonds as depth-cued vectors (drawn darker the further away from the viewer) is turned on by the command 'wireframe' or 'wireframe on'. The selected bonds are displayed as cylinders by specifying a radius either as an integer in RasMol units or containing a decimal point as a value in Angstroms.  A parameter value of 500 (2.0 Angstroms) or above results in an "Parameter value too large" error. Bonds may be coloured using the 'colour bonds' command. 

Non-bonded atoms, which could become invisible in an ordinary 'wireframe' display can be marked by a preceding 'set bondmode not bonded' command.  If nearly co-linear bonds to atoms cause them to be difficult to see in a wireframe display, the 'set bondmode all' command will add markers for 'all' atoms in subsequent 'wireframe' command executions. 

+#$KWrite

Syntax:	write {<format>} <filename>

Write the current image to a file in a standard format. Currently supported image file formats include 'bmp' (Microsoft bitmap) and 'gif' (Compuserve GIF), 'iris' (IRIS RGB), 'ppm' (Portable Pixmap), 'ras' (Sun rasterfile), 'ps' and 'epsf' (Encapsulated PostScript), 'monops' (Monochrome Encapsulated PostScript), 'pict' (Apple PICT), 'vectps' (Vector Postscript).  The 'write' command may also be used to generate command scripts for other graphics programs. The format 'script' writes out a file containing the RasMol 'script' commands to reproduce the current image. The format 'molscript' writes out the commands required to render the current view of the molecule as ribbons in Per Kraulis' Molscript program and the format 'kinemage' the commands for David Richardson's program Mage.  The following formats are useful for further processing: 'povray' (POVRay 2), 'povray3' (POVRay 3 -- under development), 'vrml' (VRML file). Finally, several formats are provided to provide phi-psi data for listing or for 'phipsi' (phi-psi data as an annotated list with cis omegas), 'ramachan' and 'RDF' and 'RamachandranDataFile' (phi-psi data as columns of numbers for gnuplot), 'RPP' and 'RamachandranPrinterPlot' (phi-psi data as a printer plot). 

The distinction between this command and the RasMol 'save' command has been dropped. The only difference is that without a format specifier the 'save' command generates a 'PDB' file and the 'write' command generates a 'GIF' image. 

+#$KZap

Syntax:	zap

Deletes the contents of the current database and resets parameter variables to their initial default state. 

+#$KZoom

Syntax:	zoom {<boolean>}
	zoom <value>

Change the magnification of the currently displayed image. Boolean parameters either magnify or reset the scale of current molecule. An integer parameter specifies the desired magnification as a percentage of the default scale. The minimum parameter value is 10; the maximum parameter value is dependent upon the size of the molecule being displayed. For medium sized proteins this is about 500. 

+#$Internal Parameters

RasMol has a number of internal parameters that may be modified using the 'set' command. These parameters control a number of program options such as rendering options and mouse button mappings. 

A complete list of internal parameter names is given below. 

ambient	axes	background	backfade	
bondmode	bonds	booundbox	cartoons	
cisangle	display	fontsize	fontstroke	
hbonds	hetero	hourglass	hydrogen	
kinemage	menus	monitor	mouse	
picking	radius	shadow	slabmode	
solvent	specular	specpower	ssbonds	
stereo	strands	transparent	unitcell	
vectps	write			

+#$KSet Ambient

KSyntax:	set ambient {<value>}

The RasMol 'ambient' parameter is used to control the amount of ambient (or surrounding) light in the scene. The 'ambient' value must be between 0 and 100. It controls the percentage intensity of the darkest shade of an object. For a solid object, this is the intensity of surfaces facing away from the light source or in shadow. For depth-cued objects this is the intensity of objects furthest from the viewer. 

This parameter is commonly used to correct for monitors with different "gamma values" (brightness), to change how light or dark a hardcopy image appears when printed or to alter the feeling of depth for wireframe or ribbon representations. 

+#$KSet Axes

KSyntax:	set axes <boolean>

The RasMol 'axes' parameter controls the display of orthogonal coordinate axes on the current display. The coordinate axes are those used in the molecule data file, and the origin is the centre of the molecule's bounding box. The 'set axes' command is similar to the commands 'set boundbox' and 'set unitcell' that display the bounding box and the crystallographic unit cell, respectively. 

+#$KSet Backfade

KSyntax:	set background <boolean>

The RasMol 'backfade' parameter is used to control backfade to the specified background colour, rather than black.  This is controlled by the commands 'set backfade on' and 'set backfade off'. For example, this may be used to generate depth-cued images that fade to white, rather than black. 

+#$KSet Background

KSyntax:	set background <colour>

The RasMol 'background' parameter is used to set the colour of the "canvas" background. The colour may be given as either a colour name or a comma separated triple of Red, Green, Blue (RGB) components enclosed in square brackets. Typing the command 'help colours' will give a list of the predefined colour names recognised by RasMol. When running under X Windows, RasMol also recognises colours in the X server's colour name database. 

The command 'set background' is synonymous with the RasMol command 'background'. 

+#$KSet BondMode

KSyntax:	set bondmode and
	set bondmode or
	set bondmode all
	set bondmode none
	set bondmode not bonded

The RasMol 'set bondmode' command controls the mechanism used to select individual bonds and modifies the display of bonded and non-bonded atoms by subsequent 'wireframe' commands. 

When using the 'select' and 'restrict' commands, a given bond will be selected if i) the bondmode is 'or' and either of the connected atoms is selected, or ii) the bondmode is 'and' and both atoms connected by the bond are selected. Hence an individual bond may be uniquely identified by using the command 'set bondmode and' and then uniquely selecting the atoms at both ends. 

The 'bondmode [all | none | not bonded]' commands add 'star 75' or 'spacefill 75' markers for the designated atoms to 'wireframe' displays.  Stars are used when the specified wireframe radius is zero. 

+#$KSet Bonds

KSyntax:	set bonds <boolean>

The RasMol 'bonds' parameter is used to control display of double and triple bonds as multiple  lines or cylinders.  Currently bond orders are only read from  MDL Mol files, Sybyl Mol2 format files, Tripos Alchemy format files, CIF and mmCIF,  and suitable PDB files.  Double (and triple)  bonds are specified in some  PDB files by specifying a given bond twice  (and three times) in CONECT records.  The  command 'set bonds on' enables the display of bond orders, and  the command 'set bonds off' disables them. 

+#$KSet BoundBox

KSyntax:	set boundbox <boolean>

The RasMol 'boundbox' parameter controls the display of the current molecule's bounding box on the display. The bounding box is orthogonal to the data file's original coordinate axes. The 'set boundbox' command is similar to the commands 'set axes' and 'set unitcell' that display orthogonal coordinate axes and the bounding box, respectively. 

+#$KSet Cartoon

KSyntax:	set cartoon {<boolean>}
	set cartoon {<number>}

The RasMol 'cartoon' parameter is used to control display of the cartoon version of the 'ribbons' display.  By default, the C-termini of beta-sheets are displayed as arrow heads. This may be enabled and disabled using the 'set cartoons <boolean>' command. The depth of the cartoon may be adjusted using the 'cartoons <number>' command. The 'set cartoons' command without any parameters returns these two options to  their default values. 

+#$KSet CisAngle

KSyntax:	set cisangle {<value>}

The RasMol 'cisangle' parameter controls the cutoff angle for identifying cis peptide  bonds.  If no value is given, the cutoff is set to 90 degrees. 

+#$KSet Display

KSyntax:	set display selected
	set display normal

This command controls the display mode within RasMol. By default, 'set display normal', RasMol displays the molecule in the representation specified by the user. The command 'set display selected' changes the display mode such that the molecule is temporarily drawn so as to indicate currently selected portion of the molecule. The user specified colour scheme and representation remains unchanged. In this representation all selected atoms are shown in yellow and all non selected atoms are shown in blue. The colour of the background is also changed to a dark grey to indicate the change of display mode. This command is typically only used by external Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs). 

+#$KSet FontSize

KSyntax:	set fontsize {<value>} { FS | PS }

The RasMol 'set fontsize' command is used to control the size of the characters that form atom labels. This value corresponds to the height of the displayed character in pixels. The maximum value of 'fontsize' is 48 pixels, and the default value is 8 pixels high. Fixed or proportional spacing may be selected by appending the "FS" or "PS" modifiers, respectively.  The default is "FS". To display atom labels on the screen use the RasMol 'label' command and to change the colour of displayed labels, use the 'colour labels' command. 

+#$KSet FontStroke

KSyntax:	set fontstroke {<value>}

The RasMol 'set fontstroke' command is used to control the size of the stroke width of the characters that form atom labels.  This value is the radius in pixels of cylinders used to form the strokes.  The special value of "0" is the default used for the normal single pixel stroke width, which allows for rapid drawing and rotation of the image. Non-zero values are provided to allow for more artistic atom labels for publication at the expense of extra time in rendering the image. 

When wider strokes are used, a larger font size is recommend, e.g. by using the RasMol 'set fontsize 24 PS' command, followed by 'set fontstroke 2' 

To display atom labels on the screen use the RasMol 'label' command, and to change the colour of displayed labels use the 'colour labels' command. 

+#$KSet HBonds

KKKSyntax:	set hbonds backbone
	set hbonds sidechain

The RasMol 'hbonds' parameter determines whether hydrogen bonds are drawn between the donor and acceptor atoms of the hydrogen bond, 'set hbonds sidechain' or between the alpha carbon atoms of the protein backbone and between the phosphorous atoms of the nucleic acid backbone, 'set hbonds backbone'. The actual display of hydrogen bonds is controlled by the 'hbonds' command. Drawing hydrogen bonds between protein alpha carbons or nucleic acid phosphorous atoms is useful when the rest of the molecule is shown in only a schematic representation such as 'backbone', 'ribbons' or 'strands'. This parameter is similar to the RasMol 'ssbonds' parameter. 

+#$KSet Hetero

KSyntax:	set hetero <boolean>

The RasMol 'hetero' parameter is used to modify the 'default' behaviour of the RasMol 'select' command, i.e. the behaviour of 'select' without any parameters. When this value is 'false', the default 'select' region does not include any heterogeneous atoms (refer to the predefined set 'hetero' ). When this value is 'true', the default 'select' region may contain hetero atoms. This parameter is similar to the RasMol 'hydrogen' parameter which determines whether hydrogen atoms should be included in the default set. If both 'hetero' and 'hydrogen' are 'true', 'select' without any parameters is equivalent to 'select all'. 

+#$KSet HourGlass

KSyntax:	set hourglass {<boolean>}

The RasMol 'hourglass' parameter allows the user to enable and disable the use of the 'hour glass' cursor used by RasMol to indicate that the program is currently busy drawing the next frame. The command 'set hourglass on' enables the indicator, whilst 'set hourglass off' prevents RasMol from changing the cursor. This is useful when spinning the molecule, running a sequence of commands from a script file or using interprocess communication to execute complex sequences of commands. In these cases a 'flashing' cursor may be distracting. 

+#$KSet Hydrogen

KSyntax:	set hydrogen <boolean>

The RasMol 'hydrogen' parameter is used to modify the "default" behaviour of the RasMol 'select' command, i.e. the behaviour of 'select' without any parameters. When this value is 'false', the default 'select' region does not include any hydrogen, deuterium or tritium atoms (refer to the predefined set 'hydrogen' ). When this value is 'true', the default 'select' region may contain hydrogen atoms. This parameter is similar to the RasMol 'hetero' parameter which determines whether heterogeneous atoms should be included in the default set. If both 'hydrogen' and 'hetero' are 'true', 'select' without any parameters is equivalent to 'select all'. 

+#$KSet Kinemage

KKSyntax:	set kinemage <boolean>

The RasMol 'set kinemage' command controls the amount of detail stored in a Kinemage output file generated by the RasMol 'write kinemage' command. The output kinemage files are intended to be displayed by David Richardson's Mage program. 'set kinemage false', the default, only stores the currently displayed representation in the generated output file. The command 'set kinemage true', generates a more complex Kinemage that contains both the wireframe and backbone representations as well as the coordinate axes, bounding box and crystal unit cell. 

+#$KSet Menus

KSyntax:	set menus <boolean>

The RasMol 'set menus' command enables the canvas window's menu buttons or menu bar. This command is typically only used by graphical user interfaces or to create as large an image as possible when using Microsoft Windows. 

+#$KSet Monitor

KSyntax:	set monitor <boolean>

The RasMol 'set monitor' command enables 'monitors'. The distance monitor labels may be turned off with the command 'set monitor off', and re-enabled with the command 'set monitor on'.  

+#$KSet Mouse

KKKKSyntax:	set mouse rasmol
	set mouse insight
	set mouse quanta

The RasMol 'set mouse' command sets the rotation, translation, scaling and zooming mouse bindings. The default value is 'rasmol' which is suitable for two button mice (for three button mice the second and third buttons are synonymous); X-Y rotation is controlled by the first button, and X-Y translation by the second. Additional functions are controlled by holding a modifier key on the keyboard. [Shift] and the first button performs scaling, [shift] and the second button performs Z-rotation, and [control] and the first mouse button controls the clipping plane. The 'insight' and 'quanta' options provide the same mouse bindings as other packages for experienced users. 

+#$KSet Picking

KSyntax:	set picking <boolean>
	set picking off
	set picking none
	set picking ident
	set picking distance
	set picking monitor
	set picking angle
	set picking torsion
	set picking label
	set picking centre
	set picking center
	set picking coord

The RasMol 'set picking' series of commands affects how a user may interact with a molecule displayed on the screen in RasMol. 

Enabling/Disabling Atom Picking: Clicking on an atom with the mouse results in identification and the display of its residue name, residue number, atom name, atom serial number and chain in the command window. This behavior may be disabled with the command 'set picking none' and restored with the command 'set picking ident'. The command 'set picking coord' adds the atomic coordinates of the atom to the display. 

Disabling picking, by using 'set picking off' is useful when executing the 'pause' command in RasMol scripts as it prevents the display of spurious message on the command line while the script is suspended. 

Measuring Distances, Angles and Torsions: Interactive measurement of distances, angles and torsions is achieved using the commands: 'set picking distance', 'set picking monitor', 'set picking angle' and 'set picking torsion', respectively. In these modes, clicking on an atom results in it being identified on the rasmol command line. In addition every atom picked increments a modulo counter such that in distance mode, every second atom displays the distance (or distance monitor) between this atom and the previous one. In angle mode, every third atom displays the angle between the previous three atoms and in torsion mode every fourth atom displays the torsion between the last four atoms. By holding down the shift key while picking an atom, this modulo counter is not incremented and allows, for example, the distances of consecutive atoms from a fixed atom to be displayed. See the 'monitor' command for how to control the display of distance monitor lines and labels. 

Labelling Atoms with the Mouse: The mouse may also be used to toggle the display of an atom label on a given atom. The RasMol command 'set picking label' removes a label from a picked atom if it already has one or displays a concise label at that atom position otherwise. 

Centring Rotation with the Mouse: A molecule may be centred on a specified atom position using the RasMol commands 'set picking centre' or 'set picking center'. In this mode, picking an atom causes all futher rotations to be about that point. 

+#$KSet Radius

KSyntax:	set radius {<value>}

The RasMol 'set radius' command is used to alter the behaviour of the RasMol 'dots' command depending upon the value of the 'solvent' parameter. When 'solvent' is 'true', the 'radius' parameter controls whether a true van der Waals' surface is generated by the 'dots' command. If the value of 'radius' is anything other than zero, that value is used as the radius of each atom instead of its true vdW value. When the value of 'solvent' is 'true', this parameter determines the 'probe sphere' (solvent) radius. The parameter may be given as an integer in rasmol units or containing a decimal point in Angstroms. The default value of this parameter is determined by the value of 'solvent' and changing 'solvent' resets 'radius' to its new default value. 

+#$KSet Shadow

KSyntax:	set shadow <boolean>

The RasMol 'set shadow' command enables and disables ray-tracing of the currently rendered image. Currently only the spacefilling representation is shadowed or can cast shadows. Enabling shadowing will automatically disable the Z-clipping (slabbing) plane using the command 'slab off'. Ray-tracing typically takes about several seconds for a moderately sized protein. It is recommended that shadowing be normally disabled whilst the molecule is being transformed or manipulated, and only enabled once an appropiate viewpoint is selected, to provide a greater impression of depth. 

+#$KSet SlabMode

KKKKKKSyntax:	set slabmode <slabmode>

The RasMol 'slabmode' parameter controls the rendering method of objects cut by the slabbing (z-clipping) plane. Valid slabmode parameters are "reject", "half", "hollow", "solid" and "section". 

+#$KSet Solvent

KSyntax:	set solvent <boolean>

The RasMol 'set solvent' command is used to control the behaviour of the RasMol 'dots' command. Depending upon the value of the 'solvent' parameter, the 'dots' command either generates a van der Waals' or a solvent accessible surface around the currently selected set of atoms. Changing this parameter automatically resets the value of the RasMol 'radius' parameter. The command 'set solvent false', the default value, indicates that a van der Waals' surface should be generated and resets the value of 'radius' to zero. The command 'set solvent true' indicates that a 'Connolly' or 'Richards' solvent accessible surface should be drawn and sets the 'radius' parameter, the solvent radius, to 1.2 Angstroms (or 300 RasMol units). 

+#$KSet Specular

KSyntax:	set specular <boolean>

The RasMol 'set specular' command enables and disables the display of specular highlights on solid objects drawn by RasMol. Specular highlights appear as white reflections of the light source on the surface of the object. The current RasMol implementation uses an approximation function to generate this highlight. 

The specular highlights on the surfaces of solid objects may be altered by using the specular reflection coefficient, which is altered using the RasMol 'set specpower' command. 

+#$KSet SpecPower

KSyntax:	set specpower {<value>}

The 'specpower' parameter determines the shininess of solid objects rendered by RasMol. This value between 0 and 100 adjusts the reflection coefficient used in specular highlight calculations. The specular highlights are enabled and disabled by the RasMol 'set specular' command. Values around 20 or 30 produce plastic looking surfaces. High values represent more shiny surfaces such as metals, while lower values produce more diffuse/dull surfaces. 

+#$KSet SSBonds

KKKSyntax:	set ssbonds backbone
	set ssbonds sidechain

The RasMol 'ssbonds' parameter determines whether disulphide bridges are drawn between the sulphur atoms in the sidechain (the default) or between the alpha carbon atoms in the backbone of the cysteines residues. The actual display of disulphide bridges is controlled by the 'ssbonds' command. Drawing disulphide bridges between alpha carbons is useful when the rest of the protein is shown in only a schematic representation such as 'backbone', 'ribbons' or 'strands'. This parameter is similar to the RasMol 'hbonds' parameter. 

+#$KSet Stereo

KSyntax:	set stereo <boolean>
	set stereo [-] <number>

The RasMol 'set stereo' parameter controls the separation between the left and right images. Turning stereo on and off doesn't reposition the centre of the molecule. 

Stereo viewing of a molecule may be turned on (and off) either by selecting 'Stereo' from the 'Options' menu, or by typing the commands 'stereo on' or 'stereo off'. 

The separation angle between the two views may be adjusted with the 'set stereo [-] <number>' command, where positive values result in crossed eye viewing and negative values in relaxed (wall-eyed) viewing. Currently, stereo viewing is not supported in 'vector PostScript' output files. 

+#$KSet Strands

KSyntax:	set strands {<value>}

The RasMol 'strands' parameter controls the number of parallel strands that are displayed in the ribbon representations of proteins. The permissible values for this parameter are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 9. The default value is 5. The number of strands is constant for all ribbons being displayed. However, the ribbon width (the separation between strands) may be controlled on a residue by residue basis using the RasMol 'ribbons' command. 

+#$KSet Transparent

KSyntax:	set transparent <boolean>

The RasMol 'transparent' parameter controls the writing of transparent GIFs by the 'write gif <filename>' command.  This may be controlled by the 'set transparent on' and 'set transparent off' commands. 

+#$KSet UnitCell

KSyntax:	set unitcell <boolean>

The RasMol 'unitcell' parameter controls the display of the crystallographic unit cell on the current display. The crystal cell is only enabled if the appropriate crystal symmetry information is contained in the PDB, CIF or mmCIF data file. The RasMol command 'show symmetry' display details of the crystal's space group and unit cell axes. The 'set unitcell' command is similar to the commands 'set axes' and 'set boundbox' that display orthogonal coordinate axes and the bounding box, respectively. 

+#$KSet VectPS

KSyntax:	set vectps <boolean>

The RasMol 'vectps' parameter is use to control the way in which the RasMol 'write' command generates vector PostScript output files. The command 'set vectps on' enables the use of black outlines around spheres and cylinder bonds producing "cartoon-like" high resolution output. However, the current implementation of RasMol incorrectly cartoons spheres that are intersected by more than one other sphere. Hence "ball and stick" models are rendered correctly but not large spacefilling spheres models. Cartoon outlines can be disabled, the default, by the command 'set vectps off'. 

+#$KSet Write

KSyntax:	set write <boolean>

The RasMol 'write' parameter controls the use of the 'save' and 'write' commands within scripts, but it may only be executed from the command line.  By default, this value is 'false', prohibiting the generation of files in any scripts executed at start-up (such as those launched from a WWW browser). However, animators may start up RasMol interactively: type 'set write on' and then execute a script to generate each frame using the source command. 

+#$Atom Expressions

RasMol atom expressions uniquely identify an arbitrary group of atoms within a molecule. Atom expressions are composed of either primitive expressions, predefined sets, comparison operators, 'within' expressions, or logical (boolean) combinations of the above expression types. 

The logical operators allow complex queries to be constructed out of simpler ones using the standard boolean connectives 'and', 'or' and 'not'. These may be abbreviated by the symbols "&", "|" and "!", respectively. Parentheses (brackets) may be used to alter the precedence of the operators. For convenience, a comma may also be used for boolean disjunction. 

The atom expression is evaluated for each atom, hence 'protein and backbone' selects protein backbone atoms, not the protein and [nucleic] acid backbone atoms! 

Examples:	backbone and not helix	
         	within( 8.0, ser70 )	
         	not (hydrogen or hetero)	
         	not *.FE and hetero	
         	8, 12, 16, 20-28	
         	arg, his, lys	

·	Primitive Expressions
·	Predefined Sets
·	Comparison Operators
·	Within Expressions
·	Example Expressions

+#$KExample Expressions

The following table gives some useful examples of RasMol atom expressions. 

Expression	Interpretation

*	All atoms
cys	Atoms in cysteines
hoh	Atoms in heterogeneous water molecules
as?	Atoms in either asparagine or aspartic acid
*120	Atoms at residue 120 of all chains
*p	Atoms in chain P
*.n?	Nitrogen atoms
cys.sg	Sulphur atoms in cysteine residues
ser70.c?	Carbon atoms in serine-70
hem*p.fe	Iron atoms in the Heme groups of chain P
*.*;A	All atoms in alternate conformation A
*/4	All atoms in model 4

+#$KPrimitive Expressions

RasMol primitive expressions are the fundamental building blocks of atom expressions. There are two types of primitive expression. The first type is used to identify a given residue number or range of residue numbers. A single residue is identified by its number (position in the sequence), and a range is specified by lower and upper bounds separated by a hyphen character. For example 'select 5,6,7,8' is also 'select 5-8'. Note that this selects the given residue numbers in all macromolecule chains. 

The second type of primitive expression specifies a sequence of fields that must match for a given atom. The first part specifies a residue (or group of residues) and an optional second part specifies the atoms within those residues. The first part consists of a residue name, optionally followed by a residue number and/or chain identifier. 

A residue name typically consists of up to three alphabetic characters, which are case insensitive. Hence the primitive expressions 'SER' and 'ser' are equivalent, identifying all serine residues. Residue names that contain non-alphabetic characters, such as sulphate groups, may be delimited using square brackets, i.e. '[SO4]'. 

The residue number is intended to be the residue's position in the macromolecule sequence, but negative sequence numbers, gaps in numbering, or even reverse numbering are permitted in the PDB format. Care must be taken when specifying both residue name and number. If the group at the specified position isn't the specified residue then no atoms are selected. 

The chain identifier is typically a single case-insensitive alphabetic or numeric character. Numeric chain identifiers must be distinguished or separated from residue numbers by a colon character. For example, 'SER70A' for the alphabetic chain identifier, "A", or 'SER70:1' for the numeric chain identifier, "1". 

The second part consists of a period character followed by an atom name.  An atom name may be up to four alphabetic or numeric characters. An optional semicolon followed by an alternate conformation identifier may be appended.  An optional slash followed by a model number may also be appended. 

An atom name may be up to four alphabetic or numeric characters. 

An asterisk may be used as a wild card for a whole field and a question mark as a single character wildcard. 

+#$KComparison Operators

Parts of a molecule may also be distinguished using equality, inequality and ordering operators on their properties. The format of such comparison expression is a property name, followed by a comparison operator and then an integer value. 

The atom properties that may be used in RasMol are 'atomno' for the atom serial number, 'elemno' for the atom's atomic number (element), 'resno' for the residue number, 'radius' for the spacefill radius in RasMol units (or zero if not represented as a sphere) and 'temperature' for the PDB isotropic temperature value. 

The equality operator is denoted either "=" or "==". The inequality operator as either "<>", "!=" or "/=". The ordering operators are "<" for less than, "<=" for less than or equal to, ">" for greater than, and ">=" for greater than or equal to. 

Examples:	resno < 23
	temperature >= 900
	atomno == 487

+#$KWithin Expressions

KA RasMol 'within' expression allows atoms to be selected on their proximity to another set of atoms. A 'within' expression takes two parameters separated by a comma and surrounded by parentheses. The first argument is an integer value called the "cut-off" distance of the within expression and the second argument is any  valid atom expression. The cut-off distance is expressed in either integer RasMol units or Angstroms containing a decimal point. An atom is selected if it is within the cut-off distance of any of the atoms defined by the second argument. This allows complex expressions to be constructed containing nested 'within' expressions. 

For example, the command 'select within(3.2,backbone)' selects any atom within a 3.2 Angstrom radius of any atom in a protein or nucleic acid backbone. 'Within' expressions are particularly useful for selecting the atoms around an active site. 

+#$KPredefined Sets

KRasMol atom expressions may contain predefined sets. These sets are single keywords that represent portions of a molecule of interest. Predefined sets are often abbreviations of primitive atom expressions. In some cases the use of predefined sets allows selection of areas of a molecule that could not otherwise be distinguished. A list of the currently predefined sets is given below. In addition to the sets listed here, RasMol also treats element names (and their plurals) as predefined sets containing all atoms of that element type, i.e. the command 'select oxygen' is equivalent to the command 'select elemno=8'. 

at	acidic	acyclic	aliphatic	
alpha	amino	aromatic	backbone	
basic	bonded	buried	cg	
charged	cyclic	cystine	helix	
hetero	hydrogen	hydrophobic	ions	
large	ligand	medium	neutral	
nucleic	polar	protein	purine	
pyrimidine	selected	sheet	sidechain	
small	solvent	surface	turn	
water				

+#$KAT Set

KThis set contains the atoms in the complementary nucleotides adenosine and thymidine (A and T, respectively). All nucleotides are classified as either the set 'at' or the set 'cg' This set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expressions "a,t", and "nucleic and not cg". 

+#$KAcidic Set

KThe set of acidic amino acids. These are the residue types Asp and Glu. All amino acids are classified as either 'acidic', 'basic' 'or' 'neutral'. This set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expressions "asp, glu" and "amino and not (basic or neutral)". 

+#$KAcyclic Set

KThe set of atoms in amino acids not containing a cycle or ring. All amino acids are classified as either 'cyclic' or 'acyclic'. This set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expression "amino and not cyclic". 

+#$KAliphatic Set

KThis set contains the aliphatic amino acids. These are the amino acids Ala, Gly, Ile, Leu and Val. This set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expression "ala, gly, ile, leu, val". 

+#$KAlpha Set

KThe set of alpha carbons in the protein molecule. This set is approximately equivalent to the RasMol atom expression "*.CA". This command should not be confused with the predefined set 'helix' which contains the atoms in the amino acids of the protein's alpha helices. 

+#$KAmino Set

KThis set contains all the atoms contained in amino acid residues. This is useful for distinguishing the protein from the nucleic acid and heterogeneous atoms in the current molecule database. 

+#$KAromatic Set

KThe set of atoms in amino acids containing aromatic rings. These are the amino acids His, Phe, Trp and Tyr. Because they contain aromatic rings all members of this set are member of the predefined set 'cyclic'. This set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expressions "his, phe, trp, tyr" and "cyclic and not pro". 

+#$KBackbone Set

KKThis set contains the four atoms of each amino acid that form the polypeptide N-C-C-O backbone of proteins, and the atoms of the sugar phosphate backbone of nucleic acids. Use the RasMol predefined sets 'protein' and 'nucleic' to distinguish between the two forms of backbone. Atoms in nucleic acids and proteins are either 'backbone' or 'sidechain'. This set is equivalent to the RasMol expression "(protein or nucleic) and not sidechain". 

The predefined set 'mainchain' is synonymous with the set 'backbone'. 

+#$KBasic Set

KThe set of basic amino acids. These are the residue types Arg, His and Lys. All amino acids are classified as either 'acidic', 'basic' or 'neutral'. This set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expressions "arg, his, lys" and "amino and not (acidic or neutral)". 

+#$KBonded Set

KThis set contain all the atoms in the current molecule database that are bonded to at least one other atom. 

+#$KBuried Set

KThis set contains the atoms in those amino acids that tend (prefer) to be buried inside protein, away from contact with solvent molecules. This set refers to the amino acids preference and not the actual solvent accessibility for the current protein. All amino acids are classified as either 'surface' or 'buried'. This set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expression "amino and not surface". 

+#$KCG Set

KThis set contains the atoms in the complementary nucleotides cytidine and guanosine (C and G, respectively). All nucleotides are classified as either the set 'at' or the set 'cg' This set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expressions "c,g" and "nucleic and not at". 

+#$KCharged Set

KThis set contains the charged amino acids. These are the amino acids that are either 'acidic' or 'basic'. Amino acids are classified as being either 'charged' or 'neutral'. This set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expressions "acidic or basic" and "amino and not neutral". 

+#$KCyclic Set

KThe set of atoms in amino acids containing a cycle or rings. All amino acids are classified as either 'cyclic' or 'acyclic'. This set consists of the amino acids His, Phe, Pro, Trp and Tyr. The members of the predefined set 'aromatic' are members of this set. The only cyclic but non-aromatic amino acid is proline. This set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expressions "his, phe, pro, trp, tyr" and "aromatic or pro" and "amino and not acyclic". 

+#$KCystine Set

KThis set contains the atoms of cysteine residues that form part of a disulphide bridge, i.e. half cystines. RasMol automatically determines disulphide bridges, if neither the predefined set 'cystine' nor the RasMol 'ssbonds' command have been used since the molecule was loaded. The set of free cysteines may be determined using the RasMol atom expression "cys and not cystine". 

+#$KHelix Set

KThis set contains all atoms that form part of a protein alpha helix as determined by either the PDB file author or Kabsch and Sander's DSSP algorithm. By default, RasMol uses the secondary structure determination given in the PDB file if it exists. Otherwise, it uses the DSSP algorithm as used by the RasMol 'structure' command. 

This predefined set should not be confused with the predefined set 'alpha' which contains the alpha carbon atoms of a protein. 

+#$KHetero Set

KThis set contains all the heterogeneous atoms in the molecule. These are the atoms described by HETATM entries in the PDB file. These typically contain water, cofactors and other solvents and ligands. All 'hetero' atoms are classified as either 'ligand' or 'solvent' atoms. These heterogeneous 'solvent' atoms are further classified as either 'water' or 'ions'. 

+#$KHydrogen Set

KThis predefined set contains all the hydrogen, deuterium and tritium atoms of the current molecule. This predefined set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expression "elemno=1". 

+#$KHydrophobic Set

KThis set contains all the hydrophobic amino acids. These are the amino acids Ala, Leu, Val, Ile, Pro, Phe, Met and Trp. All amino acids are classified as either 'hydrophobic' or 'polar'. This set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expressions "ala, leu, val, ile, pro, phe, met, trp" and "amino and not polar". 

+#$KIons Set

KThis set contains all the heterogeneous phosphate and sulphate ions in the current molecule data file. A large number of these ions are sometimes associated with protein and nucleic acid structures determined by X-ray crystallography. These atoms tend to clutter an image. All 'hetero' atoms are classified as either 'ligand' or 'solvent' atoms. All 'solvent' atoms are classified as either 'water' or 'ions'. 

+#$KLarge Set

KAll amino acids are classified as either 'small', 'medium' or 'large'. This set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expression "amino and not (small or medium)". 

+#$KLigand Set

KThis set contains all the heterogeneous cofactor and ligand moieties that are contained in the current molecule data file.  This set is defined to be all 'hetero' atoms that are not 'solvent' atoms. Hence this set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expression "hetero and not solvent". 

+#$KMedium Set

KAll amino acids are classified as either 'small', 'medium' or 'large'. This set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expression "amino and not (large or small)". 

+#$KNeutral Set

KThe set of neutral amino acids. All amino acids are classified as either 'acidic', 'basic' or 'neutral'. This set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expression "amino and not (acidic or basic)". 

+#$KNucleic Set

KThe set of all atoms in nucleic acids, which consists of the four nucleotide bases adenosine, cytidine, guanosine and thymidine (A, C, G and T, respectively). All neucleotides are classified as either 'purine' or 'pyrimidine'. This set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expressions "a,c,g,t" and "purine or pyrimidine". The symbols for RNA nucleotides (U, +U, I, 1MA, 5MC, OMC, 1MG, 2MG, M2G, 7MG, OMG, YG, H2U, 5MU, and PSU) are also recognized as members of this set. 

+#$KPolar Set

KThis set contains the polar amino acids. All amino acids are classified as either 'hydrophobic' or 'polar'. This set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expression "amino and not hydrophobic". 

+#$KProtein Set

KThe set of all atoms in proteins. This consists of the RasMol predefined set 'amino' and common post-translation modifications. 

+#$KPurine Set

KThe set of purine nucleotides. These are the bases adenosine and guanosine (A and G, respectively). All nucleotides are either 'purines' or 'pyrimidines'. This set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expressions "a,g" and "nucleic and not pyrimidine". 

+#$KPyrimidine Set

KThe set of pyrimidine nucleotides. These are the bases cytidine and thymidine (C and T, respectively). All nucleotides are either 'purines' or 'pyrimidines'. This set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expressions "c,t" and "nucleic and not purine". 

+#$KSelected Set

KThis set contains the set of atoms in the currently selected region. The currently selected region is defined by the preceding 'select' or 'restrict' command and not the atom expression containing the 'selected' keyword. 

+#$KSheet Set

KThis set contains all atoms that form part of a protein beta sheet as determined by either the PDB file author or Kabsch and Sander's DSSP algorithm. By default, RasMol uses the secondary structure determination given in the PDB file if it exists. Otherwise, it uses the DSSP algorithm as used by the RasMol 'structure' command. 

+#$KSidechain Set

KThis set contains the functional sidechains of any amino acids and the base of each nucleotide. These are the atoms not part of the polypeptide N-C-C-O backbone of proteins or the sugar phosphate backbone of nucleic acids. Use the RasMol predefined sets 'protein' and 'nucleic' to distinguish between the two forms of sidechain. Atoms in nucleic acids and proteins are either 'backbone' or 'sidechain'. This set is equivalent to the RasMol expression "(protein or nucleic) and not backbone". 

+#$KSmall Set

KAll amino acids are classified as either 'small', 'medium' or 'large'. This set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expression "amino and not (medium or large)". 

+#$KSolvent Set

KThis set contains the solvent atoms in the molecule coordinate file. These are the heterogeneous water molecules, phosphate and sulphate ions. All 'hetero' atoms are classified as either 'ligand' or 'solvent' atoms. All 'solvent' atoms are classified as either 'water' or 'ions'. This set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expressions "hetero and not ligand" and "water or ions". 

+#$KSurface Set

KThis set contains the atoms in those amino acids that tend (prefer) to be on the surface of proteins, in contact with solvent molecules. This set refers to the amino acids preference and not the actual solvent accessibility for the current protein. All amino acids are classified as either 'surface' or 'buried'. This set is equivalent to the RasMol atom expression "amino and not buried". 

+#$KTurn Set

KThis set contains all atoms that form part of a protein turns as determined by either the PDB file author or Kabsch and Sander's DSSP algorithm. By default, RasMol uses the secondary structure determination given in the PDB file if it exists. Otherwise, it uses the DSSP algorithm as used by the RasMol 'structure' command. 

+#$KWater Set

KThis set contains all the heterogeneous water molecules in the current database. A large number of water molecules are sometimes associated with protein and nucleic acid structures determined by X-ray crystallography. These atoms tend to clutter an image. All 'hetero' atoms are classified as either 'ligand' or 'solvent' atoms. The 'solvent' atoms are further classified as either 'water' or 'ions'. 

+#$KSet Summary

KThe table below summarises RasMol's classification of the common amino acids. 

Predefined	ALA	ARG	ASN	ASP	CYS	GLU	GLN	GLY	HIS	ILE	LEU	LYS	MET	PHE	PRO	SER	THR	TRP	TYR	VAL	
set	A	R	N	D	C	E	Q	G	H	I	L	K	M	F	P	S	T	W	Y	V	
acidic				· 		· 															
acyclic	· 	· 	· 	· 	· 	· 	· 	· 		· 	· 	· 	· 			· 	· 			· 	
aliphatic	· 							· 		· 	· 									· 	
aromatic									· 					· 				· 	· 		
basic		· 							· 			·									
buried	· 				· 					· 	· 		· 	· 				· 		· 	
charged		· 		· 		· 			·			· 									
cyclic									· 					· 	· 			· 	· 		
hydrophobic	· 							· 		· 	· 		· 	· 	· 			· 	· 	· 	
large		· 				· 	· 		· 	· 	· 	· 	· 	· 				· 	· 		
medium			· 	· 	· 										· 		· 			· 	
negative				· 		· 															
neutral	· 		· 		· 		· 	· 	· 	· 	· 		· 	· 	· 	· 	· 	· 	· 	· 	
polar		· 	· 	· 	· 	· 	· 		· 			· 				· 	· 				
positive		· 							· 			· 									
small	· 							· 								· 					
surface		· 	· 	· 		· 	· 	·	· 			· 			· 	· 	· 		· 		

+#$Colour Schemes

The RasMol 'colour' command allows different objects (such as atoms, bonds and ribbon segments) to be given a specified colour. Typically this colour is either a RasMol predefined colour name or an RGB triple. Additionally RasMol also supports 'alt', 'amino', 'chain', 'charge', 'cpk', 'group', 'model', 'shapely', 'structure', 'temperature' or 'user' colour schemes for atoms, and 'hbond type' colour scheme for hydrogen bonds and 'electrostatic potential' colour scheme for dot surfaces. The 24 currently predefined colour names are listed below with their corresponding RGB triplet. 

Black	[0,0,0]	
Orange	[255,165,0]	
Blue	[0,0,255]	
Pink	[255,101,117]	
BlueTint	[175,214,255]	
PinkTint	[255,171,187]	
Brown	[175,117,89]	
Purple	[160,32,240]	
Cyan	[0,255,255]	
Red	[255,0,0]	
Gold	[255,156,0]	
RedOrange	[255,69,0]	
Grey	[125,125,125]	
SeaGreen	[0,250,109]	
Green	[0,255,0]	
SkyBlue	[58,144,255]	
GreenBlue	[46,139,87]	
Violet	[238,130,238]	
GreenTint	[152,255,179]	
White	[255,255,255]	
HotPink	[255,0,101]	
Yellow	[255,255,0]	
Magenta	[255,0,255]	
YellowTint	[246,246,117]	

If you frequently wish to use a colour not predefined, you can write a one-line script. For example, if you make the file 'grey.col' containing the line, 'colour [180,180,180] #grey', then the command 'script grey.col' colours the currently selected atom set grey. 

+#$KAlt Colours

The RasMol 'alt' (Alternate Conformer) colour scheme codes the base structure with one colour and applies a limited number of colours to each alternate conformer.  In a RasMol built for 8-bit color systems, 4 colours are allowed for alternate conformers. Otherwise, 8 colours are available. 

+#$KAmino Colours

The RasMol 'amino' colour scheme colours amino acids according to traditional amino acid properties. The purpose of colouring is to identify amino acids in an unusual or surprising environment. The outer parts of a protein that are polar are visible (bright) colours and non-polar residues darker. Most colours are hallowed by tradition. This colour scheme is similar to the 'shapely' scheme. 

ASP, GLU	Bright Red	[230,10,10]	
LYS, ARG	Blue	[20,90,255]	
CYS, MET	Yellow	[230,230,0]	
SER, THR	Orange	[250,150,0]	
PHE, TYR	Mid Blue	[50,50,170]	
ASN, GLN	Cyan	[230,230,0]	
GLY	Light Grey	[235,235,235]	
LEU, VAL, ILE	Green	[15,130,15]	
ALA	Dark Grey	[200,200,200]	
TRP	Purple	[180,90,180]	
HIS	Pale Blue	[130,130,210]	
PRO	Flesh	[220,150,130]	
Others	Tan	[190,160,110]	

+#$KChain Colours

The RasMol 'chain' colour scheme assigns each macromolecular chain a unique colour. This colour scheme is particularly useful for distinguishing the parts of multimeric structure or the individual 'strands' of a DNA chain. 'Chain' can be selected from the RasMol 'Colours' menu. 

+#$KCharge Colours

The RasMol 'charge' colour scheme colour codes each atom according to the charge value stored in the input file (or beta factor field of PDB files). High values are coloured in blue (positive) and lower values coloured in red (negative). Rather than use a fixed scale this scheme determines the maximum and minimum values of the charge/temperature field and interpolates from red to blue appropriately. Hence, green cannot be assumed to be 'no net charge' charge. 

The difference between the 'charge' and 'temperature' colour schemes is that increasing temperature values proceed from blue to red, whereas increasing charge values go from red to blue. 

If the charge/temperature field stores reasonable values it is possible to use the RasMol 'colour dots potential' command to colour code a dot surface (generated by the 'dots' command) by electrostatic potential. 

+#$KCPK Colours

The RasMol 'cpk' colour scheme is based upon the colours of the popular plastic spacefilling models which were developed by Corey, Pauling and later improved by Kultun. This colour scheme colours 'atom' objects by the atom (element) type. This is the scheme conventionally used by chemists. The assignment of the most commonly used element types to colours is given below. 

The assignment of element type to colours is given below. 

Carbon	light grey	[200,200,200]	
Oxygen	red	[240,0,0]	
Hydrogen	white	[255,255,255]	
Nitrogen	sky blue	[143,143,255]	
Sulphur	yellow	[255,200,50]	
Phosphorous	orange	[255,165,0]	
Chlorine	green	[0,255,0]	
Bromine, Zinc	brown	[165,42,42]	
Sodium	blue	[0,0,255]	
Iron	orange	[255,165,0]	
Magnesium	forest green	[34,139,34]	
Calcium 	dark grey	[128,128,144]	
unknown	deep pink	[255,20,147]	

+#$KGroup Colours

The RasMol 'group' colour scheme colour codes residues by their position in a macromolecular chain. Each chain is drawn as a smooth spectrum from blue through green, yellow and orange to red. Hence the N terminus of proteins and 5' terminus of nucleic acids are coloured red and the C terminus of proteins and 3' terminus of nucleic acids are drawn in blue. If a chain has a large number of heterogeneous molecules associated with it, the macromolecule may not be drawn in the full 'range' of the spectrum. 'Group' can be selected from the RasMol 'Colours' menu. 

If a chain has a large number of heterogeneous molecules associated with it, the macromolecule may not be drawn in the full range of the spectrum. When RasMol performs group coloring it decides the range of colors it uses from the residue numbering given in the PDB file. Hence the lowest residue number is displayed in blue and the highest residue number is displayed as red. Unfortunately, if a PDB file contains a large number of heteroatoms, such as water molecules, that occupy the high residue numbers, the protein is displayed in the blue-green end of the spectrum and the waters in the yellow-red end of the spectrum. This is aggravated by there typically being many more water molecules than amino acid residues. The solution to this problem is to use the command 'set hetero off' before applying the group color scheme. This can also be achieved by toggling 'Hetero Atoms' on the 'Options' menu before selecting 'Group' on the 'Colour' menu. This command instructs RasMol to only use non-hetero residues in the group color scaling. 

+#$KNMR Model Colours

The RasMol 'model' colour scheme codes each NMR model with a distinct colour.  The NMR model number is taken as a numeric value.  High values are coloured in blue and lower values coloured in red. Rather than use a fixed scale this scheme determines the maximum value of the NMR model number and interpolates from red to blue appropriately. 

+#$KShapely Colours

The RasMol 'shapely' colour scheme colour codes residues by amino acid property. This scheme is based upon Bob Fletterick's "Shapely Models". Each amino acid and nucleic acid residue is given a unique colour. The 'shapely' colour scheme is used by David Bacon's Raster3D program. This colour scheme is similar to the 'amino' colour scheme. 

ALA	Medium Green	[140,255,140]	
GLY	White	[255,255,255]	
LEU	Olive Green	[ 69, 94, 69]	
SER	Medium Orange	[255,112, 66]	
VAL	Light Purple	[255,140,255]	
THR	Dark Orange	[184, 76,  0]	
LYS	Royal Blue	[ 71, 71,184]	
ASP	Dark Rose	[160,  0, 66]	
ILE	Dark Green	[ 0,  76,  0]	
ASN	Light Salmon	[255,124,112]	
GLU	Dark Brown	[102,  0,  0]	
PRO	Dark Grey	[ 82, 82, 82]	
ARG	Dark Blue	[  0,  0,124]	
PHE	Olive Grey	[ 83, 76, 66]	
GLN	Dark Salmon	[255, 76, 76]	
TYR	Medium Brown	[140,112, 76]	
HIS	Medium Blue	[112,112,255]	
CYS	Medium Yellow	[255,255,112]	
MET	Light Brown	[184,160, 66]	
TRP	Olive Brown	[ 79, 70,  0]	
ASX,GLX,PCA,HYP	Medium Purple	[255,  0,255]	
A	Light Blue	[160,160,255]	
C	Light Orange	[255,140, 75] 	
G	Medium Salmon	[255,112,112]	
T	Light Green	[160,255,160]	
Backbone	Light Grey	[184,184,184]	
Special	Dark Purple	[ 94, 0, 94]	
Default	Medium Purple	[255,  0,255]	

+#$KStructure Colours

The RasMol 'structure' colour scheme colours the molecule by protein secondary structure. Alpha helices are coloured magenta, [240,0,128], beta sheets are coloured yellow, [255,255,0], turns are coloured pale blue, [96,128,255] and all other residues are coloured white. The secondary structure is either read from the PDB file (HELIX, SHEET and TURN records), if available, or determined using Kabsch and Sander's DSSP algorithm. The RasMol 'structure' command may be used to force DSSP's structure assignment to be used. 

+#$KTemperature Colours

The RasMol 'temperature' colour scheme colour codes each atom according to the anisotropic temperature (beta) value stored in the PDB file. Typically this gives a measure of the mobility/uncertainty of a given atom's position. High values are coloured in warmer (red) colours and lower values in colder (blue) colours. This feature is often used to associate a "scale" value [such as amino acid variability in viral mutants] with each atom in a PDB file, and colour the molecule appropriately. 

The difference between the 'temperature' and 'charge' colour schemes is that increasing temperature values proceed from blue to red, whereas increasing charge values go from red to blue. 

+#$KUser Colours

The RasMol 'user' colour scheme allows RasMol to use the colour scheme stored in the PDB file. The colours for each atom are stored in COLO records placed in the PDB data file. This convention was introduced by David Bacon's Raster3D program. 

+#$KHBond Type Colours

The RasMol 'type' colour scheme applies only to hydrogen bonds, hence is used in the command 'colour hbonds type'. This scheme colour codes each hydrogen bond according to the distance along a protein chain between hydrogen bond donor and acceptor. This schematic representation was introduced by Belhadj-Mostefa and Milner-White. This representation gives a good insight into protein secondary structure (hbonds forming alpha helices appear red, those forming sheets appear yellow and those forming turns appear magenta). 

Offset	Colour	Triple	
  +2	white  	[255,255,255]	
  +3	magenta	[255,0,255]	
  +4	red    	[255,0,0]	
  +5	orange 	[255,165,0]	
  -3	cyan   	[0,255,255]	
  -4	green  	[0,255,0]	
default	yellow	[255,255,0]	

+#$KPotential Colours

The RasMol 'potential' colour scheme applies only to dot surfaces, hence is used in the command 'colour dots potential'. This scheme colours each currently displayed dot by the electrostatic potential at that point in space. This potential is calculated using Coulomb's law taking the temperature/charge field of the input file to be the charge assocated with that atom. This is the same interpretation used by the 'colour charge' command. Like the 'charge' colour scheme low values are blue/white and high values are red. The table below shows the static assignment of colours using a dielectric constant value of 10. 

 25 < V      	red   	[255,0,0]	
 10 < V <  25	orange	[255,165,0]	
  3 < V <  10	yellow	[255,255,0]	
  0 < V <   3	green 	[0,255,0]	
 -3 < V <   0	cyan  	[0,255,255]	
-10 < V <  -3	blue  	[0.0.255]	
-25 < V < -10	purple	[160,32,240]	
        V < -25	white 	[255,255,255]	

+##$KAmino Acid Codes

The following table lists the names, single letter and three letter codes of each of the amino acids. 

Alanine	A	ALA	Arginine	R	ARG	
Asparagine	N	ASN	Aspartic acid	D	ASP	
Cysteine	C	CYS	Glutamic acid	E	GLU	
Glutamine	Q	GLN	Glycine	G	GLY	
Histidine	H	HIS	Isoleucine	I	ILE	
Leucine	L	LEU	Lysine	K	LYS	
Methionine	M	MET	Phenylalanine	F	PHE	
Proline	P	PRO	Serine	S	SER	
Threonine	T	THR	Tryptophan	W	TRP	
Tyrosine	Y	TYR	Valine	V	VAL	

+##$KBooleans

A boolean parameter is a truth value. Valid boolean values are 'true' and 'false', and their synonyms 'on' and 'off'. Boolean parameters are commonly used by RasMol to either enable or disable a representation or option. 

+#$File Formats

#$KProtein Data Bank Files

If you do not have the PDB documentation, you may find the following summary of the PDB file format useful. The Protein Data Bank is a computer-based archival database for macromolecular structures. The database was established in 1971 by Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, as a public domain repository for resolved crystallographic structures. The Bank uses a uniform format to store atomic coordinates and partial bond connectivities as derived from crystallographic studies.  In 1999 the Protein Data Bank moved to the Research Collaboratory for Structural Biology. 

PDB file entries consist of records of 80 characters each. Using the punched card analogy, columns 1 to 6 contain a record-type identifier, the columns 7 to 70 contain data. In older entries, columns 71 to 80 are normally blank, but may contain sequence information added by library management programs.  In new entries conforming to the 1996 PDB format, there is other information in those columns. The first four characters of the record identifier are sufficient to identify the type of record uniquely, and the syntax of each record is independent of the order of records within any entry for a particular macromolecule. 

The only record types that are of major interest to the RasMol program are the ATOM and HETATM records which describe the position of each atom. ATOM/HETATM records contain standard atom names and residue abbreviations, along with sequence identifiers, coordinates in Angstrom units, occupancies and thermal motion factors. The exact details are given below as a FORTRAN format statement.  The "fmt" column indicates use of the field in all PDB formats, in the 1992 and earlier formats or in the 1996 and later formats. 

FORMAT(6A1,I5,1X,A4,A1,A3,1X,A1,I4,A1,3X,3F8.3,2F6.2,1X,I3,2X,A4,2A2)

Column 	Content 	fmt	
1-6 	'ATOM' or 'HETATM' 	all	
7-11 	Atom serial number (may have gaps) 	all	
13-16 	Atom name, in IUPAC standard format 	all	
17 	Alternate location indicator indicated by A, B or C 	all	
18-20 	Residue name, in IUPAC standard format 	all	
23-26 	Residue sequence number 	all	
27 	Code for insertions of residues (i.e. 66A & 66B) 	all	
31-38 	X coordinate 	all	
39-46 	Y coordinate 	all	
47-54 	Z coordinate 	all	
55-60 	Occupancy 	all	
61-66 	Temperature factor 	all	
68-70 	Footnote number 	92	
73-76 	Segment Identifier (left-justified) 	96	
77-78 	Element Symbol (right-justified) 	96	
79-80 	Charge on the Atom 	96	

Residues occur in order starting from the N-terminal residue for proteins and 5'-terminus for nucleic acids. If the residue sequence is known, certain atom serial numbers may be omitted to allow for future insertion of any missing atoms. Within each residue, atoms are ordered in a standard manner, starting with the backbone (N-C-C-O for proteins) and proceeding in increasing remoteness from the alpha carbon, along the side chain. 

HETATM records are used to define post-translational modifications and cofactors associated with the main molecule. TER records are interpreted as breaks in the main molecule's backbone. 

If present, RasMol also inspects HEADER, COMPND, HELIX, SHEET, TURN, CONECT, CRYST1, SCALE, MODEL, ENDMDL, EXPDTA and END records. Information such as the name, database code, revision date and classification of the molecule are extracted from HEADER and COMPND records, initial secondary structure assignments are taken from HELIX, SHEET and TURN records, and the end of the file may be indicated by an END record. 

+#$KRasMol Interpretation of PDB fields

Atoms located at 9999.000, 9999.000, 9999.000 are assumed to be Insight pseudo atoms and are ignored by RasMol. Atom names beginning ' Q' are also assumed to be pseudo atoms or position markers. 

When a data file contains an NMR structure, multiple conformations may be placed in a single PDB file delimited by pairs of MODEL and ENDMDL records. RasMol displays all the NMR models contained in the file. 

Residue names "CSH", "CYH" and "CSM" are considered pseudonyms for cysteine "CYS". Residue names "WAT", "H20", "SOL" and "TIP" are considered pseudonyms for water "HOH". The residue name "D20" is consider heavy water "DOD". The residue name "SUL" is considered a sulphate ion "SO4". The residue name "CPR" is considered to be cis-proline and is translated as "PRO". The residue name "TRY" is considered a pseudonym for tryptophan "TRP". 

RasMol uses the HETATM fields to define the sets hetero, water, solvent and ligand. Any group with the name "HOH", "DOD", "SO4" or "PO4" (or aliased to one of these names by the preceding rules) is considered a solvent and is considered to be defined by a HETATM field. 

RasMol only respects CONECT connectivity records in PDB files containing fewer than 256 atoms. This is explained in more detail in the section on determining molecule connectivity. CONECT records that define a bond more than once are interpreted as specifying the bond order of that bond, i.e. a bond specified twice is a double bond and a bond specified three (or more) times is a triple bond.  This is not a standard PDB feature. 

+#$KPDB Colour Scheme Specification

RasMol also accepts the supplementary COLO record type in the PDB files. This record format was introduced by David Bacon's Raster3D program for specifying the colour scheme to be used when rendering the molecule. This extension is not currently supported by the PDB. The COLO record has the same basic record type as the ATOM and HETATM records described above. 

Colours are assigned to atoms using a matching process. The Mask field is used in the matching process as follows. First RasMol reads in and remembers all the ATOM, HETATM and COLO records in input order. When the user-defined ('User') colour scheme is selected, RasMol goes through each remembered ATOM/HETATM record in turn, and searches for a COLO record that matches in all of columns 7 through 30. The first such COLO record to be found determines the colour and radius of the atom. 

Column 	Content 	
1-6 	'COLOR' or 'COLOUR' 	
7-30 	Mask (described below) 	
31-38 	Red component 	
39-46 	Green component 	
47-54 	Blue component 	
55-60 	Sphere radius in Angstroms 	
61-70 	Comments 	

Note that the Red, Green and Blue components are in the same positions as the X, Y, and Z components of an ATOM or HETA record, and the van der Waals radius goes in the place of the Occupancy. The Red, Green and Blue components must all be in the range 0 to 1. 

In order that one COLO record can provide colour and radius specifications for more than one atom (e.g. based on residue, atom type, or any other criterion for which labels can be given somewhere in columns 7 through 30), a 'don't-care' character, the hash mark "#" (number or sharp sign) is used. This character, when found in a COLO record, matches any character in the corresponding column in a ATOM/HETATM record. All other characters must match identically to count as a match. As an extension to the specification, any atom that fails to match a COLO record is displayed in white. 

+#$KMultiple NMR Models

RasMol loads all of the NMR models from a PDB file no matter which command is used: 'load pdb <filename>' or 'load nmrpdb <filename>' 

Once multiple NMR conformations have been loaded they may be manipulated with the atom expression extensions described in 'Primitive Expressions'. In particular, the command 'restrict */1' will restrict the display to the first model only. 

+#$KCIF and mmCIF Format Files

CIF is the IUCr standard for presentation of small molecules and mmCIF is intended as the replacement for the fixed-field PDB format for presentation of macromolecular structures. RasMol can accept data sets in either format. 

There are many useful sites on the World Wide Web where information tools and software related to CIF, mmCIF and the PDB can be found. The following are good starting points for exploration: 

The International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) provides access to software, dictionaries, policy statements and documentation relating to CIF and mmCIF at: IUCr, Chester, England (www.iucr.org/iucr-top/cif/) with many mirror sites. 

The Nucleic Acid Database Project provides access to its entries, software and documentation, with an mmCIF page giving access to the dictionary and mmCIF software tools at Rutgers University, New Jersey, USA (http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/NDB/mmcif) with many mirror sites. 

This version of RasMol restricts CIF or mmCIF tag values to essentially the same conventions as are used for the fixed-field PDB format. Thus chain identifiers and alternate conformation identifiers are limited to a single character, atom names are limited to 4 characters, etc. RasMol interprets the following CIF and mmCIF tags: 
mmCIF tag	CIF tag	Used for	
_struct_biol.details		Info.classification	
_database_2.database_code		Info.identcode	
_entry.id			
_struct_biol.id			
_struct.title		Info.moleculename	
_chemical_name_common			
_chemical_name_systematic			
_chemical_name_mineral			
			
_symmetry.
  space_group_name_H-M	_symmetry
  _space_group_name_H-M	Info.spacegroup	
_cell.length_a	_cell_length_a	Info.cell	
_cell.length_b	_cell_length_b		
_cell.length_c	_cell_length_c		
_cell.angle_alpha	_cell_angle_alpha		
_cell.angle_beta	_cell_angle_beta		
_cell.angle_gamma	_cell_angle_beta		
			
_atom_sites.
  fract_transf_matrix[1][1]	_atom_sites
  _fract_tran_matrix_11	Used to compute
orthogonal coords	
...	...		
_atom_sites.
  fract_transf_vector[1]	_atom_sites
  _fract_tran_vector_1		
...	...		
_atom_sites.
  cartn_transf_matrix[1][1]	_atom_sites
  _cartn_tran_matrix_11	Alternative to
compute orth. coords	
...	...		
_atom_sites.
  cartn_transf_vector[1]	_atom_sites
  _cartn_tran_vector_1		
...	...		
			
_atom_site.cartn_x	_atom_site_cartn_x	atomic coordinates	
...	...		
or			
_atom_site.fract_x	_atom_site_fract_x		
...	...		
			
_struct_conn.id		bonds	
...			
_geom_bond.atom_site_id_1	_geom_bond_atom_site_label_1		
...	...		
			
_struct_conf.id		helices, sheets, turns	
_struct_sheet_range.id			
...			

A search is made through multiple data blocks for the desired tags, so a single dataset may be composed from multiple data blocks, but multiple data sets may not be stacked in the same file. 

+#$Machine-Specific Support

In the following sections, support for 'Monochrome X-Windows', 'Tcl/Tk IPC', 'UNIX sockets based IPC', 'Compiling RasWin with Borland and MetroWerks' are described. 

+#$KMonochrome X-Windows Support

RasMol supports the many monochrome UNIX workstations typically found in academia, such as low-end SUN workstations and NCD X-terminals. The X11 version of RasMol (when compiled in 8 bit mode) now detects black and white X-Windows displays and enables dithering automatically. The use of run-time error diffusion dithering means that all display modes of RasMol are available when in monochrome mode. For best results, users should experiment with the set ambient command to ensure the maximum contrast in resulting images. 

+#$KTcl/Tk IPC support

Version 4 of Tk graphics library changed the protocol used to communicate between Tk applications. RasMol version 2.6 was modified such that it could communicate with both this new protocol and the previous version 3 protocol supported by RasMol v2.5. Although Tcl/Tk 3.x applications may only communicate with other 3.x applications and Tcl/Tk 4.x applications with other 4.x applications, these changes allow RasMol to communicate between processes with both protocols (potentially concurrently). 

+#$KUNIX sockets based IPC

The UNIX implementation of RasMol supports BSD-style socket communication. An identical socket mechanism is also being developed for VMS, Apple Macintosh and Microsoft Windows systems. This should allow RasMol to interactively display results of a computation on a remote host. The current protocol acts as a TCP/IP server on port 21069 that executes command lines until either the command 'exit' or the command 'quit' is typed. The command exit from the RasMol server, the command 'quit' both disconnects the current session and terminates RasMol. This functionality may be tested using the UNIX command 'telnet <hostname> 21069'. 

+#$KCompiling RasWin with Borland and MetroWerks

A number of changes were made to the source code in the transition from version 2.5 to 2.6 to allow the Microsoft Windows version of RasMol to compile using the Borland C/C++ compiler. These fixes include name changes for the standard library and special code to avoid a bug in _fmemset. Additional changes were made in the transition from 2.6 to 2.7 to allow compilation with the MetroWerks compilers. 

+#$Bibliography

#$KMolecular Graphics

[1] Nelson Max, "Computer Representation of Molecular Surfaces", IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, pp.21-29, August 1983. 

[2] Arthur M. Lesk, "Protein Architecture: A Practical Approach", IRL Press Publishers, 1991. 

#$KMolecular Graphics Programs

[3] Per J. Kraulis, "MOLSCRIPT: A Program to Produce both Detailed and Schematic Plots of Protein Structures", Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol.24, pp.946-950, 1991. 

[4] David Bacon and Wayne F. Anderson, "A Fast Algorithm for Rendering Space-Filling Molecule Pictures", Journal of Molecular Graphics, Vol.6, No.4, pp.219-220, December 1988. 

[5] David C. Richardson and Jane S. Richardson, "The Kinemage: A tool for Scientific Communication", Protein Science, Vol.1, No.1,pp.3-9, January 1992. 

[6] Mike Carson, "RIBBONS 2.0", Journal of Applied Crystallography, Vol.24, pp.958-961, 1991. 

[7] Conrad C. Huang, Eric F. Pettersen, Teri E. Klein, Thomas E. Ferrin and Robert Langridge, "Conic: A Fast Renderer for Space-Filling Molecules with Shadows", Journal of Molecular Graphics, Vol.9, No.4, pp.230-236, December 1991. 

#$KMolecular Biology Algorithms

[8] Wolfgang Kabsch and Christian Sander, "Dictionary of Protein Secondary Structure: Pattern Recognition of Hydrogen-Bonded and Geometrical Features", Biopolymers, Vol.22, pp.2577-2637, 1983. 

[9] Michael L. Connolly, "Solvent-Accessible Surfaces of Proteins and Nucleic Acids", Science, Vol.221, No.4612, pp.709-713, August 1983. 

[10] Khaled Belhadj-Mostefa, Ron Poet and E. James Milner-White, "Displaying Inter-Main Chain Hydrogen Bond Patterns in Proteins", Journal of Molecular Graphics, Vol.9, No.3, pp.194-197, September 1991. 

[11] Mike Carson, "Ribbon Models of Macromolecules", Journal of Molecular Graphics, Vol.5, No.2, pp.103-106, June 1987. 

[12] Mike Carson and Charles E. Bugg, "Algorithm for Ribbon Models of Proteins", Journal of Molecular Graphics, Vol.4, No.2, pp.121-122, June 1986. 

[13] H. Iijima, J. B. Dunbar Jr. and G. Marshall, "Calibration of Effective van der Waals Atomic Contact Radii for Proteins and Peptides", Proteins: Structure, Functions and Genetics, Vol.2, pp.330-339,1987. 

#$KGraphics Algorithms

[14] J. Foley, A. van Dam, S. Feiner and J. Hughes, "Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice", 2nd Edition, Addison Wesley Publishers, 1990. 

[15] J. Cleary and G. Wyvill, "Analysis of an Algorithm for Fast Ray Tracing using Uniform Space Subdivision", The Visual Computer, Vol.4, pp.65-83, 1988. 

[16] Thomas Porter,"Spherical Shading", Computer Graphics Vol.12, ACM SIGGRAPH, pp.282-285, 1978. 

[17] Jean-Michel Cense, "Exact Visibility Calculation for Space-Filling Molecular Models", Journal of Molecular Graphics, Vol.9, No.3, pp.191-193, September 1991. 

[18] Chris Schafmeister, "Fast Algorithm for Generating CPK Images on Graphics Workstations", Journal of Molecular Graphics, Vol.8, No.4, pp.201-206, December 1990. 

[19] Bruce A. Johnson, "MSURF: A Rapid and General Program for the Representation of Molecular Surfaces", Journal of Molecular Graphics, Vol.5, No.3, pp.167-169, September 1987. 

#$KFile Formats

[20] Frances C. Bernstein et al., "The Protein Data Bank: A Computer-Based Archival File for Macromolecular Structures", Journal of Molecular Biology, Vol.112, pp.535-542, 1977. 

[21] Arthur Dalby, James G. Nourse, W. Douglas Hounshell, Ann K. I. Gushurst, David L. Grier, Burton A. Leland and John Laufer, "Description of Several Chemical File Formats Used by Computer Programs Developed at Molecular Design Limited", Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences, Vol.32, No.3, pp.244-255, 1992. 

[22] Adobe Systems Inc., "PostScript Language Reference Manual", Addison-Wesley Publishers, Reading, Mass., 1985. 

[23] Philip E. Bourne et al., "The Macromolecular Crystallographic Information File (mmCIF)", Meth. Enzymol. (1997) 277, 571-590. 

[24] Sydney R. Hall, "The STAR File: a New Format for Electronic Data Transfer and Archiving", Journal of Chemical Information and Computer Sciences, Vol. 31, 326-333, 1991. 

+